Objective To evaluate the biological response of biodegradable scaffold material porcine type Ⅰ atelocollagen in rabbit cornea in order to study the feasibility of corneal reconstruction using this material. Methods Forty rabbits were divided into 5 groups based on observation time with 8 rabbits in each group. One eye was used as the experimental eye, the other eye was used as the normal control eye. Scaffold material was transplanted into the anterior lamellar of rabbit corneas.Observations were performed with the naked eye and slit lamp biomicroscopy twice a week after the operation within 1 month, and after then, observations were performed once a month. Transparency and neovascularization scores of the cornea were recorded. HE histological examinations were done on the day 3, day 14 and the 1st, 3rd and 6th month, and the immunohistochemistry of the epithelial cell marker protein K3 was assessed. Statistical methods were used to test for related samples and to test for two comparison samples. Results The transparency of the cornea gradually increased (P＜0.05). The extent of corneal neovascularizazion gradually increased, reached a peak in the 1st month,and then gradually decreased (P＜0.05). The difference was not statistically significant when the transparency and neovascularization of the cornea 6 months postoperatively were compared to normal eyes (P＞0.05). Conclusion The scaffold material has better biocompatibility, and will become a new scaffold material for corneal transplants after further improvement.