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Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology and Visual science
 
2023 Vol.25 Issue.10
Published 2023-10-25

Orignal Article
Case Report
Editorial
Review
0  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 0- [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 522KB] ( 28490 )
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Guide: 
2023 Vol. 25 (10): 0- [Abstract] ( 104 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 189795KB] ( 44691 )
Editorial
721 Implication from Epidemiology Studies for Myopia Control in China
Yanxian Chen, Xiaotong Han, Mingguang He
For years, epidemiological research has greatly promoted our understanding of the prevalence of myopia, the onset and development of myopia, risk factors of myopia, and a variety of interventions for myopia control. This article summarized and analyzed the important epidemiological researches for myopia, as well as the successful policy to reduce the prevalence of myopia in many countries, so as to condense the enlightenment for the prevention and control of myopia in China, including the establishment of a four-in-one system to screen, diagnose, prevent and treat myopia, reducing the burden of education, increasing time outdoors, promoting transformation studies, etc.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 721-725 [Abstract] ( 113 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 880KB] ( 28263 )
Orignal Article
726 Analysis of Disease and Related Factors of Retinal Vein Occlusion among ResidentsAged 50 or Older in RuralAreas of Xingtai, Hebei
Kepeng Zhao1, Haizhong Liu2, Wenqiang Shao1, et al
Objective: Analyse the prevalence and related factors of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in residents aged 50 and above in rural areas of Xingtai City, Hebei Province. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey study. Residents of 50 years and older living in 11 natural villages of 3 townships in rural areas of Xindu District, Xingtai City, Hebei Province in all 5 046 cases were recruited. Data such as visual acuity, optometry, intraocular pressure, slit lamp microscopy examination, fundus photography were collected.RVO was diagnosed by reviewing fundus photographs. The prevalence of RVO was calculated and logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for RVO. Results: Atotal of 4 047 subjects participated in this survey with a response rate of 80.2%. Among them, 3 609 subjects (71.5%) had fundus photographs of good quality taken from both eyes. Through reviewing the photos, a total of 62 cases (62 eyes) were diagnosed with RVO, and the prevalence of RVO was 1.7%, 95% confdene inderval (CI): 1.3%-2.1%. Among them, there were 4 cases (4 eyes) of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), with a prevalence of 0.1%, 95% CI: 0-0.2%; 2 cases (2 eyes) of hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO), with a prevalence of 0.1%, 95% CI: 0-0.1%; and 56 cases (56 eyes) of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), with a prevalence of 1.5%, 95% CI: 1.1%-1.9%. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07, P=0.005), female (OR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.06-3.20, P=0.031), and hypertension (OR=2.84, 95% CI: 1.66-4.85, P<0.001) were risk factors for RVO. Conclusions: The prevalence of RVO in residents aged 50 and above in rural areas of Xindu District, Xingtai City, Hebei Province is 1.7%, among which BRVO accounts for the majority of patients with RVO. Older age, female and hypertension are risk factors for RVO.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 726-732 [Abstract] ( 120 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 785KB] ( 28020 )
733 Prevalence of Blindness and Low Vision amongAdults in Ningxia
Jinjin Zhang, Lin Chen, Tian Tian, et al
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of blindness and low vision among adults in Ningxia, calculate the prevalence of blindness and low vision and analyze the main causes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Random and multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select ten survey sites in Ningxia from June 2021 to November 2021, and the participants aged 18 years and above was studied. All participants underwent questionnaire investigation, visual acuity, ocular pressure, fundus photography, and slit lamp examination of eye condition. The related eye diseases including cataract, eye trauma, ametropia, amblyopia, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, neurological diseases, unexplained fundus and other eye diseases in adults with blindness and low vision were statistically analyzed. The prevalence rates of single and binocular blindness and single and binocular low vision among people of different ages, genders, educational levels and economic incomes were evaluated and analyzed, and the main causes of blindness and low vision were analyzed. Results: In this study, 6,145 people should be examined, and 5,721 people were actually examined, with a rate of 93.1%. The average age was 64.3±13.5 years old, with males making up 2,558 males (44.70%), and females making up 3,163 females (55.30%). Among 5,721 subjects in Ningxia, 170 (2.97%) were diagnosed as blind. Of these, 146 (2.55%) were monocular blind, and 24 (0.42%) were binocular blind. Low vision affected 285 people (4.98%), of whom 59 (1.03%) had binocular low vision and 226 (3.95%) monocular low vision. The prevalence of blindness and low vision increased with age (χ2=461.74, P<0.001), and decreased with higher education level (χ2=425.60, P<0.001). There was no statistical difference between the different gender group (χ2=0.12, P=0.727). The prevalence of blindness and low vision of the income group of≥10,000 was signifcantly lower than the income group of <10,000 (χ2=79.72, P<0.001). The top four causes of blindness and low vision were cataracts, eye trauma, unexplained fundus disease, and refractive error. Conclusions: Adult's blindness and low vision rates in Ningxia are high. And cataracts, as the principal cause, continue to be the main focus of efforts to prevent blindness there.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 733-738 [Abstract] ( 118 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 724KB] ( 28004 )
739 Epidemiological Survey of High Myopia in PeopleAged 18 Years or Older in Chongqing
Jing Peng, HaoYao, Lanjiao Li, et al
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of high myopia and its influencing factors, the prevalence of high myopic choroidal retinopathy and visual impairment in people aged 18 and above in Chongqing; and compare the consistency between artifcial intelligence (AI) software and manual flm reading in the diagnosis of high myopic choroidal retinopathy. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The stratifed cluster sampling method was adopted to investigate the eye health of the people aged 18 years and above in Yongchuan District, Chongqing in July 2021, including questionnaire survey and eye examinations including visual acuity, equivalent spherical lens (SE), non-contact intraocular pressure, slit lamp, and fundus photography. High myopia was defned as SE ≤-6.00 D and had high myopic choroidal retinopathy, such as posterior staphyloma, Fuchs spot, lacquer crack, retina leopard pattern change, and optic disc atrophy arc, etc. The fundus images of people with SE≤-6.00 D were screened and analyzed byAI and manual reading methods to determine high myopia retinochoroidal disease. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the infuencing factors of high myopia. Kappa test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to compare the consistency of manual and AI flm reading. Results: Atotal of 4 364 people were surveyed in the scheme, 4 695 were actually investigated, with the response rate was 107.58%, including 237 people with 384 eyes SE ≤-6.00 D, the prevalence of high myopia in Chongqing was 5.05%. People between the ages of 18 and 30 were more likely to have high myopia (OR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.188-0.760, P=0.006); Women had a higher risk of high myopia (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.028-1.935, P=0.033); People in high school, college, university or above were more likely to suffer from high myopia than those in primary school or below (OR=3.62, 3.34, 7.30, P<0.001). One hundred and sixty two people diagnosed with high myopic choroidal retinopathy by manual reading, accounting for 68.35% of high myopia population, and the overall prevalence rate was 3.45%; 155 people diagnosed with high myopia retinochoroidal disease changes by AI, accounting 65.40%, and the overall prevalence rate was 3.30%. Artifcial photoreading and AI were used to diagnose retinal choroidopathy in high myopic choroidal retinopathy (Kappa=0.895, P<0.001) and pathological high myopia (Kappa=0.931, P<0.001), indicating that AI and manual were in good agreement in diagnosis. The area under ROC curve of high myopia (AUC=0.959, P<0.001) and pathological myopia (AUC=0.955, P<0.001) were diagnosed by AI in the ROC test, and the sensitivity and specificity were both above 90%, indicating that AI diagnosis had high diagnostic accuracy. At the same time, the visual acuity of patients with high myopic choroidal retinopathy was analyzed, among them, 28 patients had visual impairment and 13 were blind, and the population blindness rate was 0.28%. Conclusions: The prevalence of high myopia in people aged 18 and above in Chongqing is relatively high, and presents a younger trend. Age, gender, and education are the risk factors for high myopia. The diagnosis in high myopic choroidal retinopathy was consistent between AI and manual reading.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 739-747 [Abstract] ( 118 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 931KB] ( 28117 )
748 Vision-Related Quality of Life and Its Infuencing Factors in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Xizhong Chu, Chengju Hu, Defu Chen,et al
Objective: To investigate the vision-related quality of life (VR-Qol) and its infuencing factors in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and to compare the association of VR-Qol with visual feld of patients' better eye and binocular integrated visual field (IVF). Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed POAG patients who were under follow-up within the Wenzhou Glaucoma Progression Study (WGPS) between June 2021 and September 2022 were included. IVF was calculated from the visual feld of both the patients'right and left eyes using the binocular summation method. VR-Qol of POAG patients were assessed by the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Functional Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25). Patients were divided into normal group and abnormal group according to the score of the scale. The effects of patients' sociodemographic data and clinical data on the VR-Qol were analyzed. Independent sample t-test, Mann Whitney U test and Chi-squorre test were used for inter group comparison. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the infuencing factors of VR-Qol. Results: Atotal of 116 POAG patients were included in the study, comprising 70 males and 46 females. The average age of the participants was 61.3±14.6 years. The NEI VFQ-25 has a total score of 88.86±9.44. Among the patients, 27 (23.3%) exhibited abnormal VR-Qol, while 89 (76.7%) demonstrated normal VR-Qol. Compared with the abnormal group, the normal group presented fewer drugs requirements (Z=-2.02, P=0.044), better vision (Z=-2.28, P=0.023), larger retinal never fber layer (RNFL) thickness (Z=-2.64, P=0.008) and ganglion cell plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness (Z=-2.29, P=0.022). Additionally, the normal group exhibited less visual field mean deviation (MD) (Z=-4.03, P<0.001), and slower loss rate of visual field index (VFI) (Z=-2.92, P=0.004). However, there were no significant differences in age, gender, educational level, marriage, unilateral or bilateral glaucoma diagnosis, visual feld progression, follow-up frequency, glaucoma duration, family history of glaucoma, hypertension and diabetes.Among the POAG patients with abnormal VR-Qol, lower scores were noted in the subscales of general vision, role diffculties and driving. The VR-Qol in patients with POAG was positively correlated with binocular MD (r=0.36, P<0.001), better MD (r=0.30, P<0.001) and worse MD (r=0.31, P<0.001). VR-Qol exhibited a signifcant correlation with binocular MD (OR=1.16, confdence interval: 1.02-1.32, P=0.029), while the correlation with better eye MD was not statistically significant (OR=1.11, confidence interval: 1.00-1.23, P=0.063). Conclusions: POAG patients with abnormal VR-Qol encountered challenges related to general vision, role diffculties and driving. The visual feld MD is an independent risk factor to abnormal VR-Qol among POAG patients. Notably, when compared to the MD of the better eye, binocular MD can help identify patients who need intervention.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 748-756 [Abstract] ( 116 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 794KB] ( 28163 )
757 Postoperative Changes in Corneal Morphology and Posterior Corneal Elevation of High Myopia Corrected by Femtosecond LASIK Combined with Accelerated Corneal Cross-Linking
Qingbao Wang1, Peipei Zu2, Hua Fan2,et al
Objective: To investigate the alternation of corneal morphology and posterior corneal elevation after femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ kerafomileusis (FS-LASIK) combined with accelerated corneal cross-linking surgery for the correction of high myopia. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. Patients with high myopia who received FS-LASIK Xtra or FS-LASIK alone in the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditiond Chinese Medicine from July 2020 to April 2022 were continuously enrolled in this study. Participants in this study included 46 patients (92 eyes) in the FS-LASIK Xtra group and 41 patients (82 eyes) in the FS-LASIK alone group. Diopter of patients before and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery was collected. Mean curvature (Km) and posterior corneal elevation (PCE) in the central area (corneal apex), paracentral area (the 2 mm circle with the apex as the center), and midperipheral area (the 4 mm circle with the apex as the center) were recorded before and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Preoperative refractive index, central corneal thickness, and intraoperative ablation depth were also recorded. The alternation of corneal posterior corneal elevation (?PCE) was the difference between the preoperative height and the postoperative height at 6 months. Independent sample t-test or Mann Whitney U-test were used to compare the differences between the two groups, the alternations of PCE at different time points before and after surgery were analyzed using repeated measures of variance. Results: The Km of the FS-LASIK group and the FS-LASIK Xtra group before surgery was 43.40 ± 1.11 D and 43.59 ± 1.09 D, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). The corneal curvature of the two groups was stable and no statistically signifcant difference (all P>0.05) at each time point after surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in the PCE between the two groups before surgery (all P>0.05). At 6 months after surgery, the PCE in the central region of the FS-LASIK group and FS-LASIK Xtra group were 1.00 (0, 2.00) μm and 0 (-1.00, 2.00) μm, showing a statistically signifcant difference (Z=-2.31, P=0.021). At 3 months after operation, the PCE in the near peripheral area of FS-LASIK group and FS-LASIK Xtra group was -1.00(-2.00, 0) μm and -0.50 (-1.25, 0.50) μm, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-2.86, P=0.004); at 6 months after surgery, the values were -1.13 (-2.00, 0) μm and -0.25 (-1.00, 0.44) μm, respectively, with statistical significance (Z=-2.74, P=0.006). The postoperative ?PCE in the central region of the FS-LASIK group and FS-LASIK Xtra group were -0.50 (-2.00, 1.00) μm and -1.00 (-2.00, 0) μm, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-2.58, P=0.010). And the postoperative ?PCE in the paracentral region was -0.25 (-0.75, 0.25) μm and -0.50 (-1.25, 0) μm, respectively, with statistical significance (Z=-2.96, P=0.003). Conclusions: After FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra correction for high myopia, the posterior corneal elevation of the cornea in the central and paracentral regions slightly shifted back, and the near peripheral region slightly protruded. The FS-LASIK Xtra group showed significant alternations and tended to stabilize at 3 months after surgery. During the observation period, the two surgical methods for correcting high myopia are safe and effective, and the combination of accelerated corneal cross-linking is more conducive to the stability of the posterior corneal elevation.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 757-763 [Abstract] ( 106 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 869KB] ( 28032 )
764 Effcacy Evaluation of Transepithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy Combined with Prophylactic Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in the Treatment of Moderate to High Myopia
Ye Zhu1, Guofu Chen2, Qianwen Gong1, et al
Objective: To investigate the safety, efficacy, and refractive stability of one-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TPRK) combined with prophylactic corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in patients with moderate to high myopia. Methods: Aretrospective analysis was performed on the follow-up data of 165 patients with moderate to high myopia who underwent TPRK surgery in the Refractive Surgery Center of Wenzhou Eye Hospital from January 2018 to March 2019. The propensity scoring matching method (PSM) was used to match 48 patients (48 eyes) in each group (TPRK group and TPRK-CXL group) in a ratio of 1:1. Visual acuity and keratometry were compared between the two groups at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The main outcome measures were uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the predictability and accuracy of diopter, and stability of diopter and keratometry. Independent sample t-test was used to analyse the differences in keratometry between two groups, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences for sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent, UCVA, BCVAafter surgery. Results: After matching propensity score, there was no signifcant difference in preoperative baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05). Twelve months after surgery, there was no signifcant difference in UCVAand BCVAbetween the two groups (P>0.05). There was no statistical signifcance in spherical equivalent, astigmatism and increase keratometry between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: TPRK combined with preventative CXL is safe, effective and stable in treating moderate and high myopia.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 764-770 [Abstract] ( 113 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 923KB] ( 28045 )
771 Comparison of Scansys and Sirius Measurements of Anterior Segment Parameters in Patients with Myopia and Keratoconus
Hao Wu, Dingjuan Zhong, Jiao Chen,et al
Objective: To compare the consistency and differences in the measurement of ocular anterior segment parameters in patients with myopia and keratoconus using the domestic corneal topographer Scansys and the 3D ocular segment analyzer Sirius. Methods: This retrospective clinical study included 96 patients (96 eyes) with myopia and 61 patients (61 eyes) with keratoconus in the preoperative examination at the Optometry Center of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from July 2021 to March 2022. Horizontal white- to-white (WTW), anterior chamber depth (ACD), fat axis of corneal curvature (Kf), steep axis of corneal curvature (Ks) and mean corneal curvature (Km), central corneal thickness (CCT), and thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) were measured using Scansys and Sirius, respectively. Paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Bland-Altman plot were used to detect the difference, correlation, and agreement in the results of two instruments. Results: Compared with Sirius, Scansys measured thicker CCT and TCT, smaller WTW, shallower ACD, and higher corneal curvature (Kf, Ks, Km) in both patient groups, with statistically signifcant differences (tCCT=10.42, 7.90, all P<0.001; tTCT=9.53, 5.60, all P<0.001; tWTW=-17.17, -8.42, all P<0.001; tACD=-12.93, -4.99, all P<0.001; tKf=5.20, 2.30, P<0.001, P=0.025; tKs=6.67, 4.47, all P<0.001; tKm=6.89, 2.97, P<0.001, P=0.004). Among myopic patients, the difference of WTW between the two instruments was (-0.45±0.26) mm. The correlation between the anterior segment parameters measured by the two instruments was positive (all r>0.78, P<0.001). The Bland-Altman agreement analysis showed that ACD and TCT of myopic and keratoconic patients measured by the two instruments had good consistency. The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) for ACD was -0.23-0.05 mm and -0.09-0.09 mm, respectively. The 95% LoA for TCT was -2.20-15.48 mm and -3.57-14.43 mm, respectively. The consistency of WTW measurement was poorer in myopic patients, with 95% LoAranging from -0.96 to 0.06 mm. Compared to myopic patients, in the corneal curvature (Kf, Ks, Km) measurements, the 95% LoAof patients in the keratoconic group was slightly wider and had slightly lower consistency for the two instruments. Conclusions: Scansys and Sirius have good correlation and consistency in measurements of ACD, TCT, Kf, Ks, and Km in patients with myopia and keratoconus, and the measurements can be substituted for each other. However, the consistency of WTW measurement in myopic patients was poor, and had clinically signifcant differences; the alternate use of these measurements was not recommended.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 771-776 [Abstract] ( 106 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 777KB] ( 27878 )
777 The Safety and Efficacy of Scleral Lenses in the Treatment of Ametropia Compared with Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses
Qianni Jiang1, Bichi Chen2, Jiaqi Zhou3,et al
Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of scleral lenses (SLs) and rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) in the treatment of ametropia in adults. Methods: Aprospective randomized controlled trail was conducted at Fudan University Eye and ENT Hospital between July 2021 and February 2022. A total of 41 ametropic adults (41 eyes) were enrolled in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (RGPCL group) or the intervention group (SL group) using a computerized block group randomization method. The RGPCL group consisted of 21 myopic adults (21 eyes) and the SL group consisted of 20 myopic adults (20 eyes). Follow-up visits were scheduled at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after lens dispensing. The following parameters were compared between the two groups: corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), ocular complications, corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) and polymorphonuclear changes (ECPC), corneal central thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP) and subjective acceptability scores. Only data from the right eyes were included in the analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test and Friedman test were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was no statistically signifcant difference in CDVAand IOP between the two groups at the lens dispensing visit, 1 week, 1 month and 3-month visits (all P>0.05). Likewise there was no statistically signifcant difference in ECD, ECPC and CCT between the two groups at 3-month visit (all P>0.05). The scores of subjective comfort and subjective visual quality also did not differ signifcantly between the groups (all P>0.05). However, subjects reported lower levels of operability for the SLs compared to the RGPCLs at the lens dispensing visit, 1 month and 3-month visits (Z=2.38, P=0.017; Z=2.72, P=0.007; Z=3.70, P<0.001). Regarding cleanability scores, the SL group scored slightly lower than the RGPCL group after 3 months, and this difference was statistically significant (Z=2.88, P=0.004). No lens-related ocular complications were found in either group during the follow-up period.Conclusions: In adults, SLs provide good and consistent correction of vision compared to RGPCLs. Additionally, SLs were found to be safe for short-term use.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 777-783 [Abstract] ( 116 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 787KB] ( 28075 )
784 Clinical Analysis of Visual Function and Reading Learning Dyslexia in Children with Intermittent Exotropia
Dehui Zheng, Lifeng Yan, Chuanxu Li,et al
Objective: To determine the differences and correlations of binocular visual function, reading dyslexia and learning disorder between intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients and orthophoric children. Methods: In this prospective clinical study, 39 IXT children (IXT group) and 44 orthophoric children (control group) were sampled by random number method among children who visited the ophthalmology clinic of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from July 2021 to March 2022. Gender, age, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical equivalent (SE), horizontal squint, near point of convergence, near stereopsis, amplitude of accommodation, monocular and binocular Flliper test of the two groups were checked and recorded. The participants had completed the Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children (DCCC) and The Pupil Rating Scale Revised Screening for Learning Disabilities (PRS). Independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation analysis were used to statistically analyze the data. Results: There were no signifcant difference in gender, age, BCVAand SE between the two groups (P>0.05). There were statistically signifcant differences in horizontal squint, near stereopsis, near point of convergence, and binocular Flliper test between the two groups (P<0.001). There was no signifcant difference in the amplitude of accommodation and the monocular Flliper test between the two groups (P>0.05). There was no difference in all indicators between age groups of IXT group (P>0.05). There were signifcant differences in the incidence of dyslexia and the grade of PRS (χ2=8.45, P=0.004; t=-4.07, P<0.001). The occurrence of the dyslexia was signifcantly correlated with the results of horizontal squint, near stereopsis, near point of convergence, binocular Flipper test and PRS grade (r=-0.43, -0.37, -0.57, 0.41, -0.54, -0.62, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with orthophoric children, patients with IXT have partial abnormal binocular vision function, and are prone to get reading dyslexia and learning disorder.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 784-790 [Abstract] ( 110 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 783KB] ( 28044 )
Case Report
791  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 791-793 [Abstract] ( 113 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4751KB] ( 31021 )
794  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 794-795 [Abstract] ( 112 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5401KB] ( 31703 )
Review
796 Research Progress of the Corneal Enhancement Refractive Surgery
FengAn, Wei Zhao
After the primary corneal refractive surgery, patients with postoperative refractive abnormalities (residual refractive errors) or poor visual quality require another surgical correction due to various reasons. This secondary refractive surgery, which is aimed at improving visual acuity and quality, is called enhancement surgery. This article reviews the epidemiology, preoperative and postperative evaluation, and specific methods of enhancement surgery.

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2023 Vol. 25 (10): 796-800 [Abstract] ( 109 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 735KB] ( 28265 )
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