OCTA观察高度近视眼行SMILE与FS-LASIK后浅层视网膜血流密度的变化
李玉, 杨文利, 张丰菊
首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院 北京同仁眼科中心 北京市眼科学与视觉科学重点实验室 100730
通信作者:张丰菊(ORCID:0000-0002-3715-4164),Email:wxw93@hotmail.com

第一作者:李玉(ORCID:0000-0002-6889-7729),Email:lipuyu1991@126.com

摘要

目的:利用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(OCTA)对比飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术(SMILE)与飞秒激光制瓣准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(FS-LASIK)术中负压吸引对浅层视网膜血流密度、视网膜厚度和视网膜神经纤维层的影响。方法:前瞻性非随机对照研究。选取2017年11月至2018年3月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院屈光手术中心就诊且双眼等效球镜度(SE)<-6.00 D患者(45例)。根据手术方式不同分为FS-LASIK组22例(22眼),SE为(-8.10±1.20)D,SMILE组23例(23眼),SE为(-7.34±1.90)D。所有患者除行常规检查外,由同一人进行术前、术后1周、术后1个月、术后3个月OCTA检查。应用重复测量方差分析、独立样本 t检验对数据进行分析。结果:术后3个月时,FS-LASIK组和SMILE组裸眼视力均达到术前最佳矫正视力,SE分别为(0.14±0.82)D和(-0.23±0.56)D,差异无统计学意义( t=1.696, P=0.098)。FS-LASIK组和SMILE组术前浅层视网膜血流密度、视网膜厚度和视盘旁视网膜神经纤维层厚度差异无统计学意义(均 P>0.05),且术后1周、术后1个月、3个月2组间比较差异无统计学意义(均 P>0.05)。结论:FS-LASIK和SMILE术中负压吸引对高度近视眼底微结构无显著影响。高度近视眼选择2种手术方式均是安全可行的。

关键词: 飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术; 准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术; 负压; 光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术; 视网膜血流密度
Effect of Suction on the Retinal Superficial Vascular Networks's Flow Density after SMILE and FS-LASIK in High Myopia Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Yu Li, Wenli Yang, Fengju Zhang
Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
Corresponding author:Fengju Zhang, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China (Email: wxw93@hotmail.com)
Abstract

Objective: To compare the effect of suction on the retinal superficial vascular networks's flow density, macular retinal thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness during small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) surgery using optical coherence tomagraphy angiography (OCTA).Methods:This was prospective, non-randomized, controlled study. From November 2017 to March 2018, 45 patients with a binocular spherical equivalent (SE) <-6.00 D were treated at the same refractive surgery center of Beijing Tongren Hospital. The study included 22 patients (22 eyes) who had undergone FS-LASIK and 23 patients (23 eyes) who had undergone SMILE surgery, and the SE was -8.10±1.20 D, and -7.34±1.90 D, respectively. Besides the routine examinations, all patients were examined with OCTA by the same operator. OCTA was performed at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery. Repeated measures analysis of variance and independent sample t-tests were used to analyze and compare the collected data from the two surgical groups.Results:All patients had uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity assessed preoperatively. The FS-LASIK and SMILE groups had SE values of 0.14±0.82 D and -0.23±0.56 D, respectively, at 3 months postoperatively. The difference was not statistically significant ( t=1.696, P=0.098). There were no significant differences in the preoperative retinal superficial vascular networks's flow density, macular retinal thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness between the FS-LASIK group and SMILE group (all P>0.05), and there were no statistical differences between the follow-up times at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery in each group (all P>0.05).Conclusions:The suction during SMILE and FS-LASIK surgery has no effect on the microstructural parameters of the fundus in high myopic eyes. It is safe and feasible to choose either surgical methods for high myopia.

Keyword: small incision lenticule extraction; laser in situ keratomileusis; suction; optical coherence tomography angiography; flow density

近年来, 近视的发生率逐年上升, 大学人群近视的患病率已达到95.5%[1], 而高度近视的发病率逐步攀高, 目前已高达26.1%[2]。随着对生活质量要求的提升, 越来越多的人会选择角膜屈光手术来矫正屈光不正的同时改善视觉质量。

目前临床上普遍应用的角膜屈光手术有飞秒激光制瓣准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(FS-LASIK)和飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术(SMILE)。因SMILE术中无需制作和掀开角膜瓣, 具有全程无刀、微创, 术后角膜愈合好、视力恢复快、屈光状态稳定等特点[3], 受到大量医师和患者的追捧。但由于SMILE制作角膜帽及切削基质透镜过程中全程需要负压吸引, 时间约为23 s, 接近FS-LASIK(14 s)单纯制作角膜瓣的2倍。角膜屈光手术的负压吸引可使眼内压瞬间上升至65 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)[4, 5]。既往研究证实高度近视眼轴的延长会导致视网膜神经纤维层变薄[6], 视网膜血管变细[7], 视网膜[8]和脉络膜[9]毛细血管血流密度下降等形态学的改变。理论上, 血管越细对眼压的改变越敏感, 同时眼压的波动会影响眼部血流, 影响视网膜血流动力学[9, 10, 11]

本研究旨在运用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(Optical coherence tomography angiography, OCTA)评估高度近视眼行FS-LASIK和SMILE术后眼底视网膜生物学参数的变化, 探索在高度近视眼中, 负压吸引时间相对较长的SMILE和负压吸引时间相对较短的传统FS-LASIK在眼底浅层视网膜血流密度变化方面是否存在差异, 为临床合理治疗提供参考依据。

1 对象与方法
1.1 对象

纳入标准:①年龄18~40岁; ②球镜度为-12.00~-6.00 D; ③最佳矫正视力(BCVA)≥ 1.0, 2年内屈光度稳定(增长≤ 0.50 D); ④中央角膜厚度> 480 μ m。排除标准:眼部疾病史、外伤史和严重全身疾病史。

收集2017年7月至2018年3月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院屈光中心就诊行角膜屈光手术的患者。本研究遵循赫尔辛基宣言, 经首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院伦理委员会同意(编号:ChiCTR-TOC-17013765), 所有纳入对象签署知情同意书。

1.2 术前和术后检查

术前所有患者均行视力、非接触式眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、综合验光、眼底、眼轴、OCT (RTVue-100, 美国Optovue公司)、角膜地形图(TMS-4, 日本Tomey公司)等常规检查。术后1 d、1周、1个月及3个月行视力、眼压及电脑验光检查。在术前、术后1周、术后1个月、术后3个月行OCTA(RTVue-XR Avanti, 美国Optovue公司)检查, 选择黄斑区3 mm× 3 mm模式测量浅层视网膜血流密度、视网膜厚度, ONH模式测量视盘周围视网膜神经纤维层厚度。

1.3 手术方法

充分介绍2种手术的优缺点后, 分析患者检查结果。在2种手术方式均可选择的情况下, 根据患者自身意愿选择其中1种手术方式。所有手术均由同一位经验丰富的医师完成。SMILE组采用VisuMax飞秒激光系统(德国Carl Zeiss公司)制作角膜帽和基质透镜, 参数设置为角膜帽厚度120 μ m, 角膜帽直径7.3 mm, 微透镜直径6.5 mm。而FS-LASIK组采用同一种VisuMax飞秒激光系统制作角膜瓣, 角膜瓣直径8.5 mm, 角膜瓣厚度110 μ m, 而后用Visx S4准分子激光机(美国VISX公司)切削角膜基质层。

1.4 术后用药

2组患者术后均给予0.5%左氧氟沙星滴眼液4次/d, 0.1%氟米龙滴眼液4次/d, 0.3%玻璃酸钠滴眼液4次/d。1周后0.1%氟米龙滴眼液每3天减1次, 0.3%玻璃酸钠滴眼液改为0.1%玻璃酸钠滴眼液4次/d, 使用9 d后0.1%氟米龙滴眼液与0.5%左氧氟沙星滴眼液一起停用, 0.1%玻璃酸钠滴眼液连续点眼1个月后酌情使用。

1.5 统计学方法

前瞻性非随机对照研究。采用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析。所有计量资料通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验均为正态分布, 采用均数± 标准差表示。组间各参数的比较采用独立样本t检验; 组内各时间点参数的比较采用重复测量方差分析。以P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果
2.1 一般资料的比较

共纳入患者45例, 所有患者均取右眼数据进行统计学分析, FS-LASIK组22例, 其中男8例, 女14例; SMILE组23例, 其中男8例, 女15例。2组患者术前一般资料差异均无统计学意义, 见表1。45例患者均完成术后1 d、1周、1个月及3个月的检查随访。

表1 FS-LASIK组和SMILE组患者术前一般资料比较 Table 1 Comparison of preoperative general parameters
2.2 视力及屈光度的比较

所有手术均顺利完成, 无术中及术后并发症的发生。术后3个月时裸眼视力(UCVA)均达到术前BCVA, FS-LASIK组和SMILE组SE分别为(0.14± 0.82)D和(-0.23± 0.56)D。FS-LASIK组及SMILE组术前BCVA, 术后1 d、1周、1个月及3个月的UCVA分别为5.08± 0.39、5.10± 0.07、4.95± 0.86、5.01± 0.10、5.10± 0.08和5.09± 0.04、5.13± 0.06、5.11± 0.54、5.12± 0.06、5.13± 0.06, 差异均无统计学意义。

2.3 浅层视网膜血流密度的比较

FS-LASIK组和SMILE组患者术前黄斑区、黄斑旁区、颞侧、上侧、鼻侧及下侧各区域浅层视网膜血流密度间差异无统计学意义(均P> 0.05), 组内各随访时间点间差异也均无统计学意义(均P> 0.05), 见表2

表2 FS-LASIK组和SMILE组浅层视网膜血流密度(%)的比较 Table 2 Flow density (%) of retinal superficial vascular networks of both FS-LASIK and SMILE groups in pre- and different postoperative periods
2.4 视网膜厚度的比较

FS-LASIK组和SMILE组患者术前黄斑区、黄斑旁区、颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方各区域视网膜厚度差异无统计学意义(均P> 0.05), 见表3

表 3 FS-LASIK组和SMILE组黄斑区视网膜厚度的比较(μ m) Table 3 Retinal thickness (μ m) of both FS-LASIK and SMILE groups in pre- and different postoperative periods
2.5 2组视盘旁神经纤维层厚度的比较

FS-LASIK组和SMILE组患者术前视盘旁颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方各区域视网膜神经纤维层厚度间差异无统计学意义(均P> 0.05)。2组内各随访时间点间差异也均无统计学意义(均P> 0.05), 见表4

表4 FS-LASIK组和SMILE组视盘旁视网膜神经纤维层厚度的比较(μ m) Table 4 Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (μ m) of both FS-LASIK and SMILE groups in pre- and different postoperative periods
3 讨论

高度近视是近视中的一个庞大群体, 其不仅表现为眼部屈光系统的异常, 更同时伴有不同程度的视觉神经系统及视网膜脉络膜血管系统的损害。研究者运用OCTA检测高度近视患者视网膜血流密度, 发现随着眼轴延长, 视网膜厚度无明显变化, 但在浅层视网膜血管网中, 黄斑区血流密度有所增加, 黄斑旁区[12]和视乳头旁区血流密度[13]明显降低。说明在未发生明显病理学改变的高度近视眼底中, 视网膜的微结构已经发生了变化[14]

SMILE与FS-LASIK是目前最为常见的角膜屈光基质手术。既往研究显示2种手术在术后屈光度、视觉质量及角膜生物力学方面均具有良好的安全性及有效性[15, 16]。但由于手术中不可避免的负压吸引, 眼压的瞬间升高是否会对已经发生微结构改变的高度近视眼底产生影响, 这问题引起了眼科医师的高度重视。Zivkovic等[17]运用频域OCT观察板层刀制瓣的LASIK手术前后视盘旁视网膜神经纤维层和神经节细胞层合并内丛状层厚度的变化, 随访观察6个月, 手术前后厚度变化差异无统计学意义。Zhang等[18]比较SMILE和FS-LASIK手术前后视网膜厚度和神经纤维层厚度的变化, 术后各时间点2组间视网膜厚度及神经纤维层厚度差异无统计学意义。而Ghanem等[19]同样运用频域OCT评估角膜屈光手术术中一过性高眼压对视网膜厚度和神经纤维层厚度的影响, 结果显示手术前后厚度变化差异无统计学意义。由于检测设备的换代升级, OCTA的出现, 在检测视网膜厚度及神经纤维层厚度的同时, 还补充了既往使用频域OCT无法检测视网膜血流密度变化的盲区。本研究通过OCTA观察FS-LASIK组和SMILE组手术前后视网膜浅层血流密度、视网膜厚度、视盘旁神经纤维层厚度的变化, 评估不同负压吸引时间对高度近视眼底视网膜血流变化是否存在干扰及差异。

本研究中, FS-LASIK 组与SMILE 组在术后3个月时SE分别是(+0.14± 0.82)D和(-0.23± 0.56)D。术后视力可以达到5.0及以上的比例在FS-LASIK组中为术后1 d时16眼(73%), 术后1周时20眼(91%), 术后1个月时21眼(95%), 术后3个月时22眼(100%); 而在SMILE组中, 术后1 d时15眼(65%), 术后1周时22眼(96%), 术后1个月时23眼(100%), 术后3个月时23眼(100%)。SMILE组中术后1 d视力达到5.0者仅占65%, 分析原因为透镜取出后层间留有腔隙[20], 视物模糊, 但其恢复较快, 在术后1周时视力高于5.0者已基本达到100%, 结果与既往研究相似[21, 22], 2种手术均具有良好的准确性及稳定性。

本研究2种手术操作均使用同一种VisuMax飞秒激光系统, 同一负压吸引强度, 单纯比较不同负压吸引时间对眼底浅层视网膜血流密度的影响。随访观察3个月, 在FS-LASIK和SMILE组中, 各时间点黄斑区浅层视网膜血流密度变化均无统计学意义, 可能原因为Visumax飞秒激光系统负压吸引环位于角膜缘, 降低了眼压升高的程度, 仅约35 mmHg[23], 减轻了瞬间眼压升高对视网膜微循环的影响。同样本研究并未发现黄斑区视网膜厚度及视盘旁神经纤维层厚度的变化在2组中各随访时间内差异有统计学意义, 其结果与Zhang等[18]相似。说明利用现代飞秒激光系统, 尽管SMILE负压吸引时间约为FS-LASIK的2倍, 二者术后浅层视网膜血流密度、视网膜厚度和视盘旁神经纤维层厚度变化差异也无统计学意义。

综上所述, SMILE和FS-LASIK的术中负压吸引过程在临床应用中没有造成显著影响, 高度近视眼选择2种手术方式均是安全可行的。

利益冲突申明 本研究无任何利益冲突

作者贡献声明 李玉:参与选题、设计、收集数据及行统计学分析, 撰写论文, 根据编辑部的修改意见进行修改。杨文利:参与选题并指导数据采集。张丰菊:参与选题、设计及资料的分析和解释, 修改论文的关键性结论

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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