糖皮质激素对真菌性角膜炎预后的影响
王敬亭1,2, 边江1,2, 王欣1,2, 史伟云1,2, 李素霞1,2
1山东省眼科研究所,青岛 266071
2山东省眼科医院,济南 250021
通信作者:李素霞(ORCID:0000-0001-7788-2951),Email:lsuxiasusu@163.com

第一作者:王敬亭(ORCID:0000-0002-3570-3350),Email:wjingting422@126.com

摘要

目的:探讨在确诊为真菌性角膜炎之前使用糖皮质激素对真菌性角膜炎患者的视力预后及治疗方式的影响。方法:回顾性病例对照研究。收集2014年12月至2015年12月于山东省眼科医院确诊的真菌性角膜炎患者211例(211眼),其中36例(36眼)在确诊为真菌性角膜炎之前的治疗中有明确使用过糖皮质激素的患者作为激素组,175例(175眼)在治疗过程中从未使用过激素者作为对照组。采集患者的人口学信息、临床检查结果、抗真菌药物治疗后的病情变化、治疗方案和治愈后2个月的最佳矫正视力(BCVA)。采用独立样本 t检验与卡方检验对数据进行统计分析。结果:2组患者人口学特征对比差异无统计学意义。激素组发病时间为(14.5±10.1)d,明显短于对照组[(20.6±22.5)d],差异有统计学意义( t=2.657, P=0.008)。激素组病灶大小为(6.3±2.4)mm,明显大于对照组[(4.8±2.1)mm], 差异有统计学意义( t=3.683, P<0.001)。激素组角膜刮片阳性率为97.2%,对照组阳性率为90.6%,差异无统计学意义( χ2=1.633, P=0.201)。激素组有1例(2.8%)为药物治愈,明显低于对照组[34例(19.4%)],差异有统计学意义( χ2=5.983, P=0.014);激素组中行穿透性角膜移植术的患者22例(61.1%),明显高于对照组[55例(31.4%)],差异有统计学意义( χ2=11.351, P=0.001)。激素组中(BCVA)低于 0.3的患者32例(88.9%),明显高于对照组[110例(62.8%)],差异有统计学意义( χ2=9.194, P=0.002)。结论:真菌性角膜炎使用糖皮质激素后病损范围增大,抗真菌药物治愈率低,穿透性角膜移植手术率高,预后不佳。

关键词: 糖皮质激素; 真菌性角膜炎; 预后
The Impact of Corticosteroid Use on the Prognosis of Fungal Keratitis
Jingting Wang1,2, Jiang Bian1,2, Xin Wang1,2, Weiyun Shi1,2, Suxia Li1,2
1Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
2Shandong Eye Hospital, Jinan 250021, China
Corresponding author:Suxia Li, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao 266071, China; Shandong Eye Hospital, Jinan 250021, China (Email: lsuxiasusu@163.com)
Abstract

Objective: To assess the impact of the pre-diagnostic use of corticosteroid on the prognosis of visual outcomes and treatment methods of fungal keratitis.Methods: This was a retrospective consecutive case cohort study. Two hundred and eleven eyes of 211 patients diagnosed with fungal keratitis from December 2014 to December 2015 in Shandong Eye Hospital were analyzed. Thirty-six eyes of 36 patients with a history of corticosteroid use before the diagnosis was the corticosteroid group. The remaining 175 eyes of 175 patients with no use of corticosteroid before or during the treatment was the control group. Patients' demographics, clinical findings, management details, changes after the antifungal therapy, and corrected distance visual acuity 2 months after the cure were recorded. Independent samples t test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.Results: The demographic data were matched between the two groups. The fungal onset time of the corticosteroid group was 14.5±10.1 days, which was significantly shorter than that of the control group, 20.6±22.5 days ( t=2.657, P=0.008). The mean diameter of corneal lesions was 6.3±2.4 mm in the corticosteroid group, which was significantly larger than that of the control group 4.8±2.1 mm ( t=3.683, P<0.001). The positive rate of a corneal scrape was 97.2% in the corticosteroid group and 90.6% in the control group, with no significant difference between the groups ( χ2=1.633, P=0.201). Only 1 case (2.8%) in the corticosteroid group was cured by antifungal drugs, which was significantly lower than that of the control group, with 34 cases (19.4%) ( χ2=5.983, P=0.014). Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in 22 cases (61.1%) in the corticosteroid group, a proportion that was significantly higher than that in the control group, with 55 cases (31.4%) ( χ2=11.351, P=0.001). A corrected distance visual acuity of less than 0.3 after antifungal therapy was recorded in 32 cases (88.9%) in the corticosteroid group, a proportion which was significantly higher than in the control group, 110 cases (62.8%) ( χ2=9.194, P=0.002).Conclusions:Corticosteroid use before a diagnosis of fungal keratitis can increase the range of lesions, while antifungal drugs seem to be less effective, which increases the probability of penetrating keratoplasty and a poorer outcome.

Keyword: corticosteroid; fungal keratitis; prognosis

真菌性角膜炎是一种由致病真菌引起的、致盲率极高的感染性角膜病。目前可用于眼部的抗真菌药物种类较少、组织穿透性较差, 治疗效果欠佳[1]。有研究发现患者的年龄、病灶大小、前房积脓、糖尿病病史、外伤史、糖皮质激素的使用等都是真菌性角膜炎预后不良的危险因素[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]。糖皮质激素虽然具有快速、强大而非特异性的抗炎、抗超敏反应作用而广泛用于临床药物治疗, 但是因其可减弱角膜的防御机能, 增加真菌的繁殖力和侵袭力而禁用于真菌性角膜炎[9, 10, 11, 12]。真菌性角膜炎的确诊需要实验室病原学检查, 包括角膜刮片、真菌培养、病理或共聚焦显微镜辅助检查[13, 14]。目前国内基层医院缺少有效诊断真菌的仪器设备或实验室方法, 不明原因的角膜溃疡多凭经验用药, 若真菌临床症状不典型, 更易被误诊为其他类型的角膜炎而误用激素。然而糖皮质激素对真菌性角膜炎患者的视力预后或治疗方案到底有多大影响, 目前国内外并没有明确的文献报道。明确糖皮质激素的使用对真菌性角膜炎治疗预后的影响, 可能会改变临床医师诊断和治疗的方法, 具有重要临床意义。 基于这个目的, 本研究通过比较确诊为真菌性角膜炎前使用糖皮质激素和未使用糖皮质激素患者的治疗预后情况, 分析糖皮质激素对真菌性角膜炎预后及治疗方案的影响, 以明确临床风险, 指导临床治疗。

1 对象与方法
1.1 对象

回顾性观察2014年12月至2015年12月于山东 省眼科医院确诊为真菌性角膜炎的患者211例 (211眼)。年龄8~86(50.3± 15.5)岁。男148例, 女63例, 其中36例在本次病程中确诊为真菌性角膜炎之前有明确使用过糖皮质激素的患者作为激素组, 175例在治疗过程中从未使用过激素治疗的患者作为对照组。

1.2 方法

回顾病史了解2组患者既往诊断、发病诱因、发病时间(患者从发病开始到至本院就诊的时间)、用药等情况。收集2组患者的检查结果, 包括裂隙灯显微镜、共聚焦显微镜、眼前节光学相干断层扫描仪(OCT)、角膜刮片、微生物培养及病理检查。分析2组患者抗真菌药物治疗的效果, 统计2组患者的手术方式、术后真菌复发情况。比较2组患者治愈后2个月的最佳矫正视力(BCVA)。

1.3 疗效评价标准及预后

疗效评价标准[15]:①治愈:患者症状消失, 角膜浸润灶消失、水肿减退、前房积脓消失、角膜溃疡愈合, 角膜可留有不同程度的斑翳, 共聚焦显微镜检测不出菌丝者。病灶切除、角膜移植后未见溃疡灶复发。②好转:患者症状减轻, 角膜浸润灶变小, 溃疡部分愈合, 前房积脓减少或消失。③无效:症状和体征无改善或加重, 感染灶扩大、加深甚至穿孔。

预后:参照中国视力残疾标准, 较好眼的BCVA为< 0.05定义为盲, 0.05~0.3为低视力。本研究定义患眼抗真菌治愈后2个月左右的BCVA< 0.3或行穿透性角膜移植术为预后不佳。

1.4 统计学方法

回顾性病例对照研究。采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量数据先进行正态分布检验、方差齐性检验显示为正态分布且方差齐, 以均数± 标准差表示, 组间比较采用独立样本t检验, 计数资料以例数和百分比表示, 组间比较采用卡方检验。以P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果
2.1 人口学信息与角膜病灶大小比较

2组患者的年龄、性别、外伤史比较差异无统计学意义, 发病时间和病灶大小比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.657, P=0.008; t=3.683, P< 0.001), 见表1。确诊前曾使用糖皮质激素患者共36例(17.1%), 其中外院诊断为病毒性角膜炎8例(22.2%), 病因不明的角膜炎11例(30.6%), 角膜裂伤曾行裂伤缝合术后5例(13.9%), 既往行角膜移植术后患者12例(33.3%)。该12例角膜移植术后患者有长期低剂量使用激素史[3~30(16.0± 6.4)个月], 发病时间1~10(5.1± 3.1)d, 与本组其他患者相比发病时间更短, 差异有统计学意义(t=2.896, P=0.001)。

表1 2组人口学信息与病灶大小比较 Table 1 Comparison of demographic information and lesion size in the two groups
2.2 实验室检查结果

激素组和对照组行角膜刮片、真菌培养、病理检查及共聚焦显微镜检查阳性率比较差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05), 见表2。2组培养的菌种最多见的均是镰刀菌属, 激素组培养的镰刀菌属比例为58.8%(20/34), 对照组为61.9%(96/155), 差异无统计学意义(χ 2=0.114, P=0.736)。

表2 2组检查结果阳性率比较 Table 2 Comparison of positive rate of examinations in the two groups
2.3 抗真菌药物治疗效果及治疗方案选择

2组患者入院后均选用自行配制的10 mg/ml伏立康唑滴眼液联合5%那他霉素滴眼液点眼同时联合全身氟康唑注射液静脉滴注。激素组使用抗真菌药物有效并治愈者1例(2.8%), 对照组有34例(19.4%), 2组差异有统计学意义(χ 2=5.983, P=0.014)。激素组和对照组选择治疗方案情况见 表3

表3 2组治疗方案比较 Table 3 Comparison of the treatment in the two groups
2.4 真菌复发情况

激素组真菌复发4例(11.1%), 对照组真菌复发3例(1.7%), 差异有统计学意义(χ 2=8.542, P=0.003)。激素组4例患者复发, 其中1例行眼内容物剜除(见图1), 1例行晶状体切除联合玻璃体切割术, 2例行穿透性角膜移植术(见图2)。对照组有3例患者复发, 其中1例行病灶切除术, 2例行穿透性角膜移植术。

图1. 右眼真菌性角膜炎患者局部使用妥布霉素地塞米松滴眼液8 d
A:角膜中央9 mm范围的浸润灶, 周边大量伪足, 边界不清; B:抗真菌药物治疗5 d后病灶扩大, 出现前房积脓(箭头所示); C:穿透性角膜移植术后第1天, 周边植床开始出现灰白色浸润, 真菌复发(箭头所示); D:穿透性角膜移植术后第5天, 感染累及巩膜; E:10% KOH湿片显示可见大量断裂菌丝(箭头所示, × 400); F:共聚焦显微镜下见大量粗大菌丝杂乱分布(箭头所示, × 800)
Figure 1. Eight days' using of topical tobramycin dexamethasone eye drops in the right eye of fungal keratitis.
A: Nine millimeters diameter lesion in the central cornea, with a large number of pseudopodium and unclear boundaries. B: The lesion expanded and hypopyon emerged after five days antifungal therapy(shown by the arrow). C: The first day after penetrating keratoplasty, gray-white infiltration and fungal recurrence occurred in peripheral implantation beds (shown by the arrow). D: Infection involved the sclera on the fifth day after penetrating keratoplasty. E: 10% KOH wet mount showed a large number of broken mycelium (shown by the arrow, × 400). F: A large number of thick mycelium disordered distributing by confocal microscopy (shown by the arrow, × 800).

图2. 左眼真菌性角膜炎患者结膜下注射妥布霉素地塞米松3次
A:角膜中央6 mm范围浸润灶, 边界不清; B:抗真菌药物治疗3 d后病灶变大(箭头所示); C:穿透性角膜移植术后第1天, 未见明显浸润; D:穿透性角膜移植术后第2天真菌感染复发(箭头所示); E:穿透性角膜移植术后第7天, 全角膜浸润; F:再次行穿透性角膜移植术后2个月; G:首次移植术后10% KOH湿片显示大量断裂菌丝(箭头所示, × 400); H:首次移植术后共聚焦显微镜下见大量粗大菌丝杂乱分布(箭头所示, × 800)
Figure 2. Subconjunctival injection with tobramycin dexamethasonein three times in the left eye of fungal keratitis.
A: Six millimeters diameter lesion in the central cornea with unclear boundaries. B: The lesion expanded after three days antifungal therapy (shown by arrow). C: No obvious infiltration was observed on the first day after penetrating keratoplasty. D: Fungal recurrence on the second day after penetrating keratoplasty, with obvious graft infiltration (shown by arrow). E: The whole cornea was infiltrated on the 7th day after penetrating keratoplasty. F: Two months after the reoperation (penetrating keratoplasty). G: 10% KOH wet mount showed a large number of broken mycelium after first penetrating keratoplasty (shown by arrow, × 400). H: A large number of thick mycelium disordered distributing by confocal microscopy after first penetrating keratoplasty (shown by arrow, × 800).

2.5 视力预后

激素组治愈后2个月BCVA低于0.3的患者32例(88.9%), 明显多于对照组的110例(62.8%), 差异有统计学意义(χ 2=9.194, P=0.002)。

3 讨论

糖皮质激素在感染性角膜炎尤其是角膜溃疡患者中的使用仍然存在争议, 有研究认为激素对细菌性角膜炎无有害作用[16, 17, 18, 19], 也有研究发现激素能增加真菌的侵袭力和阿米巴的繁殖力, 对真菌和阿米巴性角膜炎不利[9, 20], 建议不明原因的角膜溃疡慎用激素。本研究211例真菌性角膜炎患者中, 诊断真菌性角膜炎前使用过糖皮质激素者36例(17.1%), 使用比例低于既往一些研究(40%~60%)[21, 22, 23], 可能是因为本研究是回顾性病例分析, 有些患者对既往用药情况不明, 可能对照组中也有部分患者使用过激素, 导致结果有一定误差。激素组有19例(52.8%)患者因误诊为其他类型的角膜炎而使用激素, 另外17例(47.2%)患者为角膜裂伤或角膜移植术后抗炎常规使用糖皮质激素。误诊是导致真菌性角膜炎使用激素的最主要原因, 早期明确诊断对用药方案的选择有重要指导作用。

本研究角膜刮片法和共聚焦显微镜检查显示均有较高的阳性率, 都可以作为诊断真菌性角膜炎的有效检查手段, 但是共聚焦显微镜因为价格昂贵, 操作复杂, 很多医院无法开展。角膜刮片法是诊断真菌性角膜炎简单、快捷、有效的实验室方法, 角膜刮片法不需要特殊设备及化学试剂, 检查真菌只需刮取角膜病损组织后做10% KOH湿片, 在显微镜下观察即可, 一般基层医院均可以开展。如果所有的角膜溃疡患者在使用糖皮质激素之前先行角膜刮片检查, 早期明确病原学, 就能在极大程度上避免误诊及误用糖皮质激素。

本研究发现激素组从发病到来本院就诊的时间比对照组短, 一定程度上说明误用激素后病情发展较快, 当地医院药物无法控制而转诊。36例误用激素患者中有12例为角膜移植术后患者, 有长期低剂量使用激素病史3~30个月, 从感染到来我院就诊时间为(5.1± 3.0)d, 明显低于同组其他患者。所有患者使用抗真菌药物后均无法控制病情, 再次行角膜移植手术治疗。分析其原因, 可能是:一方面, 角膜移植术后的患者视力及神经知觉减退, 会增加外伤后真菌感染的风险; 另一方面, 这部分患者术后为了防止免疫排斥反应的发生需要长期低剂量使用激素[24, 25], 降低了机体对真菌的抵抗力, 导致一旦真菌感染后病情迅速发展。对于这类有长期使用糖皮质激素史的患者, 建议一旦发现真菌感染应尽早行手术治疗。

本研究患者采用对真菌较敏感的10 mg/ml伏立康唑滴眼液(自行配制)联合5%那他霉素滴眼 液[26, 27, 28, 29, 30], 激素组药物治愈只有1例(2.8%), 药物治愈率明显低于对照组[34例(19.4%)], 一定程度上说明真菌性角膜炎使用糖皮质激素后抗真菌药物不易控制病情。本研究激素组需行穿透性角膜移植术治疗和术后真菌复发的概率明显多于对照组。穿透性角膜移植的手术指征是溃疡面积大, 浸润深度累及全层, 溃疡已穿孔或濒临穿孔者[31]。激素组行穿透性角膜移植的患者比例明显高于对照组, 一定程度上说明真菌性角膜炎使用糖皮质激素后病情较重。穿透性角膜移植术由于活动性炎症、角膜水肿和新生血管形成可能会产生许多手术并发症(例如前房出血、炎症渗出、虹膜粘连和瞳孔阻滞、继发性青光眼、继发性白内障等), 而且有角膜植片免疫排斥和植片感染的风险[32, 33, 34], 往往预后不佳; 另外穿透性角膜移植需要新鲜的角膜供体, 手术难度高, 价格昂贵, 对于缺乏新鲜角膜供体的医疗单位, 患者往往错失最佳手术时机, 甚至眼球不保。已有研究发现术前使用激素的真菌性角膜炎行穿透性角膜移植术后复发的概率大于未使用激素者, 前房积脓、角膜穿孔、角膜感染扩大至角膜缘、晶状体感染是角膜移植术后真菌性角膜炎复发的主要危险因素[35], 本研究中激素组真菌复发的概率明显高于对照组, 在一定程度上也说明术前真菌感染较重。

本研究设定激素组和对照组治愈后2个月的BCVA低于0.3为预后不佳, 激素组的视力预后明显比对照组差。可能原因为:一方面, 激素组的病灶范围大、炎症反应重、角膜水肿、前房积脓等临床表现均严重影响视觉效果; 另一方面, 激素组行穿透性角膜移植术的概率明显多于对照组, 由于穿透性角膜移植术后并发症(虹膜粘连、并发性白内障)、角膜缝线引起的不规则散光等均会影响治疗后的视觉效果。另外, 有研究发现患者的年龄、病灶大小、前房积脓、糖尿病病史、菌种等都是真菌性角膜炎预后不良的危险因素[8]。本研究也存在不足之处, 只比较了2组患者的基本人口信息, 没有把2组患者影响预后的各种危险因素进行多因素分析。

综上所述, 真菌性角膜炎使用糖皮质激素后病损范围增大, 抗真菌药物治疗不易控制, 穿透性角膜移植手术率高, 预后不佳。角膜刮片法检查真菌阳性率高, 建议角膜溃疡患者在使用糖皮质激素之前应先行角膜刮片检查排除真菌感染。

利益冲突申明 本研究无任何利益冲突

作者贡献声明 王敬亭:收集数据, 参与选题、设计及资料的分析和解释; 撰写论文; 根据编辑部的修改意见进行修改。边江、王欣:参与选题、设计和修改论文的结果、结论。史伟云:参与选题、设计、资料的分析和解释; 修改论文中关键性结果、结论。李素霞:参与选题、设计、资料的分析和解释; 参与对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅和对学术问题的解答; 根据编辑部的修改意见进行核修

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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