Objective: To investigate the status of myopia in primary and middle school students in Gansu province. Methods: By using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 11 480 primary and middle school students from Lanzhou, Tianshui, Qingyang, Wuwei, Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture and Hui autonomous prefecture of Linxia in Gansu province from Decembere 2014 to September 2015, were enrolled in this study. A health questionnaire was used to investigate the students’ habits for eye use and their ophthalmic status was investigated by measuring general visual acuity, computer optometry, and refractive parameters (measured by optical coherence biometry, IOLMaster). Chi-square and logistic regression analysis was performed on the myopia-related factors. Results: The results showed that the total prevalence of myopia was 71.33% in primary and middle school students in Gansu province. The prevalence of myopia was 70.49% and 72.23% in males and females, respectively. The prevalence of myopia was 74.46% and 66.56%, respectively, in urban and rural students. The higher the grade level, the more serious the degree of myopia. Logistic regression analysis showed that after the passage of individual behavior, close work, outdoor activities and time are the main factors for myopia. Conclusion: Primary and middle school students in Gansu province have a high prevalence of myopia. Promoting students’ healthy habits and improving students’ awareness for protecting eyesight should be applied.