Objective To evaluate the prognosis and factors of vitrectomy for a traumatic macular hole. Methods A retrospective case study was performed on a consecutive series of 54 patients （54 eyes） who underwent vitrectomy for macular hole surgery. The postoperative anatomic closure status of the hole， visual acuity prognosis， and multiple factors related to prognosis， including preoperative visual acuity， duration of disease， size of the macular hole， and preoperative anterior or posterior segment complications， were analyzed. Data were analyzed with a paired t test and chi-square test. Results After surgery， 48（89%） traumatic macular hole eyes had closure； 6 eyes with traumatic macular holes eyes had joint results. The closure time was 20.6±10.1 days. Visual acuity （VA） increased in 28 eyes （52%）. There was a significant difference between preoperative VA and postoperative VA （t=4.496， P＜0.01）. There were no significant differences in preoperative VA， duration of disease， or preoperative anterior segment complications between the two different VA prognosis groups. There were significant differences in macular hole size and preoperative posterior segment complications between the two different VA prognosis groups （χ2=6.006， 10.650， P＜0.05）. Conclusion Using vitrectomy is helpful for the prognosis of anatomy and function in traumatic macular hole patients， but the patients with preoperative posterior segment complications had a poor VA prognosis.