Binocular vision is the process of integrating visual information from the two eyes to form three-dimensional stereovision, which is the function of the advanced cognitive activities of the cerebral cortex. Strabismus produces visual diplopia and confusion because of the deviation of the ocular position. It leads to a series of binocular vision abnormalities including visual inhibition, abnormal retinal correspondence, and abnormal gaze, that seriously affect the formation and development of binocular vision function. Surgical treatment is the main option for correcting strabismus, but most patients cannot achieve normal binocular vision after surgery. The aim of treatment is not only to correct ocular position but also restore binocular vision. Restoration of binocular vision has a positive effect on reducing the recurrence rate of strabismus and improving the therapeutic effect of disease, even greatly improving quality of life for patients after surgery. Therefore, the restoration of binocular visual function should have a more important role in the treatment of strabismus and the early period after surgery is a prerequisite for establishing binocular vision function. At the same time, more attention should be paid to refractive correction and amblyopia treatment, methods should properly selected to promote the restoration of binocular vision.
Maehara G, Huang PC, Hess RF. The effects of flankers on contrast detection and discrimination in binocular, monocular,and dichoptic presentations. J Vis, 2010, 10(4): 13.1-15.
[3]
Graefe A von. Uber das doppelsehen nash schiel-operationen and incongr-uenzder netzh-iute. Arch Ophthal, 1854, 1: 44.
[4]
Parks ML. Ocular motility and strabismus. Hagerstown: Harper& Row, 1975.
[5]
Lo Cascio G. Contributo clinico aUa conoscenza delia visione negli occhi strabici. Ann Ottal, 1925, 53: 29.
[6]
Bagolini B. Tecnica per l'esame della visione binoculare senza introduzione dielementi dissocianti: 'test del vetro striato'. Boll Ocu, 1958, 37: 195.
[7]
Ravalico G. I1 campo visivo binoculare neUo strabismo concomitante a piccoloangolo. Osservazioni con una nuova tecnica. Boll Ocu, 1967, 150: 259.
[8]
Elliott S, Shafiq A. Interventions for infantile esotropia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013 (7): Cd004917.
[9]
Seleznev AV, Vakurin EA, Kashchenko TP. On a binocular vision testing in concomitant strabismus. Vestn Oftalmol, 2011,127(3): 27-30.
[10]
Norcia AM. Abnormal motion processing and binocularity: Infantile esotropia as a model system for effects of early interruptions of binocularity. Eye (Lond), 1996, 10 (Pt 2): 259-265.
Oka M, Yamashita T, Ono S, et al. Quadrantal macular retinal thickness changes in strabismus subjects with abnormal binocular vision development. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2013, 57(2):225-232.
[13]
Wong AM, Lueder GT, Burkhalter A, et al. Anomalous retinal correspondence: Neuroanatomic mechanism in strabismic monkeys and clinical findings in strabismic children. J AAPOS,2000, 4(3): 168-174.
[14]
Gerth C, Mirabella G, Li X, et al. Timing of surgery for infantile esotropia in humans: Effects on cortical motion visual evoked responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2008, 49(8): 3432-3437.
[15]
Crawford ML, Von Noorden GK. The effects of short-term experimental strabismus on the visual system in Macaca mulatta.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1979, 18(5): 496-505.
Birch EE, Stager DR Sr, Berry P, et al. Stereopsis and long-term stability of alignment in esotropia. JAAPOS, 2004, 8(2): 146-150.
[18]
Birch EE, Fawcett SL, Stager DR, Sr. Risk factors for the development of accommodative esotropia following treatment for infantile esotropia. J AAPOS, 2002, 6(3): 174-181.
[19]
Sharma M, Hunter DG. Diplopia after strabismus surgery. Semin Ophthalmol, 2018, 33(1): 102-107.
[20]
Rosenbaum AL. The goal of adult strabismus surgery is not cosmetic. Arch Ophthalmol, 1999, 117(2): 250.
Hiles DA, Davies GT, Costenbader FD. Long-term observations on unoperated intermittent exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol, 1968,80(4): 436-442.
[23]
Mezad-Koursh D, Rosenblatt A, Newman H, et al. Home use of binocular dichoptic video content device for treatment of amblyopia: A pilot study. JAAPOS, 2018, 22(2): 134-138.
[24]
Lavrich JB. Intermittent exotropia: Continued controversies and current management. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2015, 26(5): 375-381.
[25]
Singh V, Roy S, Sinha S. Role of orthoptic treatment in the management of intermittent exotropia. Indian J Ophthalmol, 1992, 40(3): 83-85.
[26]
Ding J, Levi DM. Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011, 108(37): E733-741.