Objective: To compare the efficacy of vision training and pencil push-ups as treatments for patients with small-angle exodeviation after surgery for intermittent exotropia. Methods: A controlled clinical trial was performed. Patients who presented with small-angle exodeviation (15△> exotropia >8△) after surgery for intermittent exotropia were recruited in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical Uviverstiy from June 2015 to June 2016. Fifty-four patients were divided into a vision training group (28) and a pencil push-up group (26). Patients in the pencil push-up group were instructed to hold a pencil at arm's length directly between their eyes. They were asked to continue moving the pencil slowly toward their nose until it could no longer be seen as a single image and then try to get the pencil point back into a single image. Patients were instructed to do 3 sets of 20 pencil push-ups per day at home, 5 days per week for 6 months. This treatment required an average of 15 minutes per day. Patients in the vision training group received therapy administered by a trained therapist during a weekly 60-minute office visit, with additional procedures to be performed at home for 15 minutes a day, 5 times per week for 6 months. Tests were performed before training and compared to results at 1, 3 and 6 months after training, including exodeviation at distance and near, and stereoacuity at distance. An independent samples t test, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, a paired t test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: At 1 month and 6 months after training, the magnitude of the exodeviation between the pencil push-up group and the vision training group at distance and near was not significantly different. However, there was a significant difference between groups at 3 months after training, demonstrating a higher magnitude of exodeviation in the pencil push-up group than in the vision training group (t=3.44, P<0.001; t=2.55, P=0.01). The difference in the magnitude of exodeviation at distance and near between 1 month and 3 months after training was significant (t=-3.17, P=0.003; t=2.32, P=0.02). At 1 month and 3 months after training, the magnitude of stereoacuity at distance between the pencil push-up group and vision training group was not significantly different, However, there was a significant difference between the two groups at 6 months, demonstrating a better stereoacuity in the vision training group than in the pencil push-up group (t=9.33, P<0.001). At 6 months after training, the normal stereoscopic acquisition rate of the vision training group was higher than that of the pencil push-up group (χ2=5.02, P=0.03). Conclusions: Both vision training and pencil push-up training can effectively decrease the magnitude of small-angle exodeviation after surgery for intermittent exotropia. However, vision training has a better effect on stereoacuity.