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Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology and Visual science
 
2023 Vol.25 Issue.8
Published 2023-08-25
Orignal Article
Case Report
Consensus
Editorial
Review
0  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 0- [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 529KB] ( 11813 )
0  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 0- [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 20024KB] ( 15644 )
Consensus
561 Expert Consensus on Multifocal Soft Contact Lens Fitting for Myopia Control (2023)
Chinese Optometric Association, Chinese Ophthalmological Society; Ophthalmology and Optometry Committee, Ophthalmologists Association, Chinese Doctor Association; et al
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 561-567 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1107KB] ( 12030 )
Editorial
568 Attention Should Be Paid to the Prevention and Management of Dry Eye during Perioperative Period of Corneal Refractive Surgery
Liang Hu1, Zuguo Liu2
These years, more and more patients have been opting for corneal refractive surgery to correct refractive errors. With the continuous increase in the number of related surgeries, perioperative dry eye caused by corneal refractive surgery has attracted widespread attention. Perioperative dry eye caused by corneal refractive surgery can affect preoperative examination results, postoperative outcomes, as well as patient visual quality and overall quality of life. This article provides a detailed overview of how to prevent and manage perioperative dry eye in terms of corneal refractive surgery, which includes preoperative assessment of ocular surface conditions and personalized surgical design, mechanisms and protective measures for intraoperative ocular surface damage, as well as pharmacological and physical treatments for postoperative dry eye. The aim is to standardize the management of perioperative dry eye in corneal refractive surgery and provide guidance for clinical practice.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 568-572 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 940KB] ( 11414 )
Orignal Article
573 Repeatability and Agreement of Two Ocular Surface Analyzer Instruments in Dry Eye Diagnostic Indicators
Wenhao Wang, Meng Lin, Hongqing Ma, et al
Objective: To investigate the repeatability and consistency of two ocular surface analyzers, Keratograph 5M and DED-1L, in diagnosing dry eye disease. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from September to November 2021 at the Department of Refractive Surgery, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, using a random sampling method to recruit 45 dry eye patients (all with left eyes only). On the same day, the same operator used Keratograph 5M and DED-1L to measure tear meniscus height (TMH), upper meibomian glands loss (UMGL), lower meibomian glands loss (LMGL), and noninvasive breakup time (NIBUT). Image J software was used to draw and calculate the TMH, UMGL, and LMGL. One-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and Bland-Altman plots were used to analyze the data. Results: In TMH, UMGL, and LMGL, Keratograph 5M had within-subject standard deviations (Sw) of less than 0.025, test-retest repeatability (TRT) coeffcients of less than 0.069, coeffcients of variation (Cov) of less than 10.43%, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of greater than 0.868. For the frst NIBUT (fNIBUT) and average NIBUT (avNIBUT), the Sw was greater than 4.382, TRT was greater than 12.138, Cov was greater than 34.34%, and ICC was less than 0.464. DED-1L had Sw of less than 0.030, TRT of less than 0.082, Cov of less than 11.26%, and ICC of greater than 0.860 for TMH, UMGL, and LMGL. For the fNIBUT and avNIBUT, the Sw was greater than 2.858, TRT was greater than 7.918, Cov was greater than 35.31%, and ICC was less than 0.244. The difference between Keratograph 5M and DED-1L in UMGL and LMGL was not statistically signifcant (P>0.05), while the difference in TMH, the fNIBUT, and avNIBUT was statistically signifcant (t=-2.63, P=0.012; t=6.97, P<0.001; t=6.68, P<0.001, respectively). In the Bland-Altman plot, the mean differences between TMH, UMGL, and LMGL detected by 5M and DED-1L were -0.033 mm, -0.004, and 0.004, respectively. The 95% LoAwere (-0.15, 0.10) mm,(-0.07, 0.07) and (-0.08, 0.09), respectively. Outside of 95% LoA, they accounted for 6.67% (3/45), 4.44% (2/45), and 6.67% (3/45), respectively; The mean differences between fNIBUT and avNIBUT detected by 5M and DED-1L were 5.7 s and 4.6 s, respectively. The 95% LoAwere (-5.1, 16.6)s and (-4.5, 13.8)s, respectively. Outside of 95% LoA, both of them accounted for 2.22% (1/45). Conclusions: DED-1L can be used interchangeably with Keratograph 5M in diagnosing dry eye disease based on TMH, UMGL, and LMGL, but not for the fNIBUT and avNIBUT.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 573-578 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1112KB] ( 11354 )
579 Changes of Dry Eye-Related Parameters after Posterior Chamber Phakic Refractive Lens Implantation
Zhuxuan Yan1, Zhenguo Yan2, Yang Lyu3
Objective: To determine the alternation of dry eye-related parameters in patients after posterior chamber phakic refractive lens (PC-PRL) implantation. Methods: This was a case serial study. Twenty-one patients (39 eyes) who underwent PC-PRL implantation at Lanzhou Huaxia Eye Hospital from January 2021 to June 2022 and completed 3-month follow-up were selected in this study. Dry eye-related examinations, including ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire score, noninvasive frst breakup time (NIF-BUT), noninvasive average breakup time (NIA-BUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), meibomian gland loss , and Schirmer test (S t), were performed preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the repeated-measures data, and LSD-t tests were used for pairwise comparisons. Results: OSDI questionnaire scores were signifcantly different before and after surgery (F=7.13, P=0.008). Compared with before surgery, OSDI questionnaire scores signifcantly increased at 1 week (t=-4.03, P<0.001), but had no signifcant difference at 1 month and 3 months after surgery (P>0.05). NIF-BUT and NIA-BUT were also significantly different before and after surgery (F=28.85, P<0.001; F=33.48, P<0.001). Compared with before surgery, NIF-BUT signifcantly decreased at 1 week and 1 month after surgery (t=3.65, P=0.001; t=3.77, P=0.001), but had no signifcant difference at 3 months after surgery (t=0.75, P=0.459). Compared with before surgery, NIA-BUT significantly decreased at 1 week and 1 month after surgery (t=3.26, P=0.002; t=3.94, P<0.001), but had no significant difference at 3 months after surgery (t=0.83, P=0.372). There was no significant difference in TMH, meibomian gland loss, and S t at each time point after operation compared with that before operation(all P>0.05). Conclusions: PC-PRL affected the stability of the ocular surface tear flm in the early postoperative period, and the patients developed different degrees of dry eye symptoms, and all dry eye-related parameters returned to the preoperative level basically at 3 months after surgery.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 579-583 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 805KB] ( 11313 )
584 Analysis of Factors Associated with Abnormal Meibomian Gland Morphology in Children andAdolescents
Ziqun Jin1, Congxin Li2, Yue Yuan2, et al
Objective: To investigate the infuence factors of abnormal meibomian gland morphology in children and adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. In October 2021, a random sampling method was adopted to select 149 students (6-15 years) from 2 schools in Huantai County, Zibo City for examination of meibomian gland morphology. All subjects completed the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire and daily video terminal use, daily reading and writing time. Biological parameters including height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and refraction were measured. The meibomian gland dropout scores and the gland tortuosity scores were assessed by a non-contact ocular surface analyzer. Correlation of age, gender, BMI, refraction, OSDI, daily video terminal use, and daily reading and writing time with meibomian gland morphology was analyzed. The infuence factors associated with abnormal meibomian gland morphology were analyzed by rank sum test and logistic regression. Results: The mean age of the 149 students was 9.6±2.2 years. The percentage of abnormal meibomian gland morphology was 71.1%. The percentage of absent meibomian gland was 50.3%. Meibomian gland loss scores of all cases were as follows: grade 0: 49.7%; grade 1: 48.3%; grade 2: 2.0%. The percentage of distortion of meibomian gland was 50.3%. The gland tortuosity scores in the upper eyelid of all cases were as follows: grade 0: 49.7%; grade 1: 46.3%; grade 2: 4.0%. Binary logistic analysis showed that age≥12 years (OR=4.34, P=0.025) and OSDI score (OR=1.11, P=0.030) were associated with abnormal meibomian gland morphology in children and adolescents. Conclusions: This study revealed a relatively high level of mild meibomian gland absence or distortion in children and adolescents. Age and OSDI were correlated with morphological abnormality of the meibomian gland.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 584-588 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 796KB] ( 11267 )
589 Influencing Factors of the Morphological Changes of Meibomian Gland before Corneal Refractive Surgery
Le Tian, Dewei Li, Yusu peng, et al
Objective: To observe the gland morphology of upper and lower meibomian glands in patients before corneal refractive surgery, and analyze the infuencing factors of the morphological changes of meibomian glands. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. From September 2021 to March 2022, we randomly recruited 244 patients (488 eyes), including 101 males (202 eyes) and 143 females (286 eyes), aged from 17 to 51 years, who were treated at Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University. They were divided into male group and female group according to gender, and each group were further divided into three groups based on age: ≤25 years old group, >25-<35 years old group, and ≥35 years old group. Patients were divided into the wearing group and the control group according to the history of wearing soft contact lenses and were divided into >-6.00 D group and≤-6.00 D group according to the spherical equivalent (SE). The ocular surface function index of patients were detected by the integrated ocular surface analyzer, then, the differences of tear meniscus height (TMH), frst noninvasive breakup time (fNIBUT), average noninvasive breakup time (avNIBUT), and so on were compared in different groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the indexes among different groups. The Eta coeffcient was used to analyze the correlation between sex and meibomian gland loss rate. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations of age, contact lens wearing time, SE, TMH and other indicators with meibomian gland loss rate. Results: There were statistically signifcant differences in fNIBUT, avNIBUT and meibomian gland loss rate between two gender groups (Z=-2.39, P=0.017; Z=-3.19, P=0.001; Z=-3.46, P=0.001). In male patients, the fNIBUT among three age groups had statistically signifcant differences (H=6.42, P=0.040), while other ocular surface function indexes had no statistically signifcant differences (all P>0.05). There were no signifcant differences in TMH, fNIBUT, avNIBUT, meibomian gland loss rate, and meibomian gland bending number among three age groups in female patients (all P>0.05). There was a statistically signifcant difference in the avNIBUT and meibomian gland loss rate between the wearing group and control group (Z=-2.02, P=0.043; Z=-3.43, P=0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of meibomian gland loss between SE>-6.00 D group and SE -6.00 D group (Z=-1.99, P=0.047). The rate of meibomian gland loss was correlated with sex, age, wearing time of soft contact lenses, SE, and the number of glandular curvatures (Eta correlation coefficient 1.0; r=0.10, P=0.036; r=0.16, P<0.001; r=-0.11, P=0.013; r=0.21, P<0.001). Conclusions: The morphological changes of meibomian gland were mainly manifested as loss of meibomian gland and an increase in gland curvature. The high-risk factors affecting the meibomian gland loss rate included women and high myopia. Special attentions should be paid to the ocular surface function of women with high myopia during the perioperative period of corneal refractive surgery.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 589-595 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 831KB] ( 11178 )
596 Study on the Protective Mechanism of Qishen Prescription on MAPK Pathway in Hypertonic Induced Dry Eye Model Mice
Lei Zhao1, Baoqiang Dong1, Tao Zuo2, et al
Objective: To observe the protective effect of Qishen prescription (QSF) on dry eye (DE) model mice induced by hypertonic fuid. Methods: In this experimental study, in January 2021, 60 BALB/c mice were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups according to the random number table method, which were named as control group, model group, western medicine group, and QSF low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups, with 10 mice in each group. Except for the control group, the DE mice model was established with hypertonic saline solution. After establishing the successful model, the model group continued to receive hypertonic saline solution to maintain DE. QSF high-dose, medium-dose and low-dose groups were administered hypertonic saline solution eye drops combined with QSF granules through intragastric administration once a day. Western medicine group was given hypertonic saline combined with 0.3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops. All intervention factors were applied continuously for 14 days. Schirmer I test (S T), breakup time (BUT) and Fluorescent (FL) were measured. Then, the ultrastructure of corneal epithelial cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The protein expression levels of JNK1, p-JNK1, p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, ERK1 and p-ERK1 in corneal tissues were measured by Western Blot. One way ANOVA analysis was used for inter group comparison, and LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparison. Results: Compared with the control group, the S T, BUT and FL was signifcantly different in each group (P<0.01). The protein expression levels of p-JNK1, p-p38, p-ERK1 were signifcantly increased in each group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the administration group showed improvement in S T, FL, and BUT (P<0.05), while the p-JNK1 expression in each medicine group and the p-p38 and p-ERK1 in the high and medium dose groups of QSF decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the positive medicine group, the high-dose group of QSF exhibited an increase in S T (P=0.048), while the high and medium dose groups of QSF showed improvements in FL (P=0.004, 0.014), and the high-dose group of QSF showed a decrease in the expression of p-JNK1, p-p38, and p-ERK1 (P=0.017, 0.003, 0.001). Electron microscope showed that the number and regularity of corneal epithelial microvilli in each treatment group of QSF were better than those in the model group and western medicine group. Conclusions: QSF can not only effectively improve S T, BUT, FL, corneal epithelial cell microvilli morphology of hypertonic-induced dry eye in mice, but also reduce the phosphorylation of JNK1, p38MAPK, ERK1.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 596-600 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3505KB] ( 12105 )
601 Comparison of the Effectiveness of 7 Common Types of Myopia Screening Methods among Children
Liu Jiang1, Hong Wang1, Shuangqin Yan1, et al
Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of common types of myopia screening methods among children with the results of cycloplegic refraction as the gold standard for the diagnosis of myopia. Methods: In this case series study, a total of 543 children aged 6-8 years old who visited Maternal and Child Health Care Center of Ma'anshan from December 2021 to November 2022 were enrolled. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), axial length (AL), mean corneal radius (CR), pre-cycloplegia refraction (PR), and cycloplegic refraction were assessed and recorded. PR≤-0.50 D, UCDVA<5.0, andAL/CR>3 were defned as myopia-positive boundary value, respectively.And the results of cycloplegic refraction were defned as the gold standard for the diagnosis of myopia. In this study, there were 7 screening methods: UCDVA, PR,AL/CR, UCDVA+PR, UCDVA+AL/CR, PR+AL/CR, and UCDVA+PR+AL/CR. The evaluation indicators of the screening methods included sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, diagnostic coincidence rate, and area under ROC curve. The Chi-square test was used to compare the positive detection rate among different myopia screening methods. Results: When a single index was used for myopia screening, PR had the best effect, with the highest sensitivity (100.0%), specifcity (89.2%), Youden index (0.89), positive predictive value (64.7%), negative predictive value (100.0%), diagnostic coincidence rate (0.732), and area under ROC curve (0.95). When two indexes were combined for myopia screening, the effectiveness of UCDVA+PR and PR+AL/CR were similar (Youden index were 0.91 and 0.92, respectively), and both were greater than UCDVA+AL/CR (Youden index was 0.87). When UCDVA+PR+AL/CR was used for myopia screening, only specifcity (96.2%), positive predictive value (83.3%), and diagnostic coincidence rate (0.861) were slightly improved, compared with UCDVA+PR and PR+AL/CR, while other accuracy and reliability indexes were decreased. Conclusions: In the large-scale screening of myopia in children, if only a single index was used to screen myopia, PR can be considered. If two indexes could be combined to screen myopia, the PR combined with UCDVA or AL/CR can be considered. When all three indexes combined to screen myopia, the improvements of screening accuracy were limited.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 601-606 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 947KB] ( 11397 )
607 Comparative Study on the Results of Spot Vision Screening Instrument and Ciliary Muscle Paralysis Optometry
Jiang Li, Zhiwu Lou, Jianbo Tang
Objective: To compare the correlation, consistency, and differences between the refractive screening results of Spot binocular vision screening device and the results of ciliary muscle paralysis retinoscopy. Methods: In this retrospective study, 267 children (534 eyes) aged 1 to 5 years who were found to have suspected refractive abnormalities during eye health examinations from January 2021 to August 2022 in Huzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital and met the criteria were included. Firstly, Spot binocular vision screening instrument was used to perform refractive examination in the natural state, and then used atropine eye gel to perform optometry after cycloplegia paralysis. The paired t-test was used to compare the differences between the two methods, the Spearman test was used to compared the correlation between the two methods, and the Bland-Altman test was used to compare the consistency of the two methods. Results: Atotal of 264 children (264 eyes) were ultimately included in the study. Using the Spot vision screening instrument, the spherical and cylinder diopters were 2.14±2.39 D and 1.57±1.20 D, respectively. Using atropine cycloplegia, the spherical and cylinder diopters were 3.54±2.77 D and 1.29±1.28 D. There was a high correlation (r=0.93, 0.93, P<0.001) and consistency between Spot optometry results and ciliary muscle paralysis optometry results in terms of spherical diopters and spherical equivalent, respectively. Only the cylinder vectors J45 showed statistically signifcant differences in the 2-year-old age group (t=2.71, P<0.001). Spearman correlation analysis found low correlation between J0 and J45 for both methods (P>0.05). However, Bland-Altman analysis showed that both methods had good consistency between J0 and J45. Conclusions: In the refractive examination of preschool children, the Spot binocular vision screening instrument has a high correlation and consistency with the ciliary muscle paralysis optometry, which helps to evaluate the refractive status and early detection of refractive abnormalities in preschool children and is suitable for the screening of refractive status in preschool children.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 607-611 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 954KB] ( 11213 )
612 Medical Self-Crosslinked Sodium Hyaluronate Gel for Prevention of Extraocular MuscleAdhesion after Strabismus Surgery in Rabbits
Yuan Wang, Yichao Ding, Mingming Jiang, et al
Objective: To investigate the preventive effect of medical self-crosslinked sodium hyaluronate gel on extraocular muscle adhesion after strabismus surgery in rabbits. Methods: This study was conducted as an experimental study. Twelve adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups by simple random sampling method: the experimental group and the control group, with 6 rabbits in each group, from May 2021 to July 2021. In the experimental group, the superior rectus muscle and Tenon capsule were coated with medical self-crosslinked sodium hyaluronate gel. The control group received no treatment. Microscopic observations were performed at 1 and 2 weeks after operation to assess conjunctival hyperemia and the adhesion of the superior rectus muscle to the surrounding tissues. Morphological changes of the extraocular muscles and the surrounding tissues were also observed. The comparison of conjunctival congestion scores was conducted using t-test, and the grading of bulbar conjunctival scarring was compared using χ2 test. Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly less hyperemia of bulbar conjunctiva 1 week after surgery, the conjunctival hyperemia scores were 1.5±0.4, however the control group scores were 2.8±0.4 (t=6.37, P<0.001) ; the experimental group had less fbrous scar formation (t=17.86, P<0.001). At 2 weeks after surgery, the experimental group had signifcantly less hyperemia of bulbar conjunctiva than the control group (t=8.22, P<0.001), and less fbrous scar formation (t=18.65, P<0.001). The pathological section showed that the arrangement of muscle fbers in the control group was more disordered than in the experimental group, and this difference was more pronounced at 2 weeks. Both the experimental and control groups showed good growth of the muscles located on the sclera. Conclusion: Medical self-crosslinked sodium hyaluronate gel can reduce the formation of muscle scar adhesion after strabismus surgery and alleviate postoperative hyperemia. It has good security.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 612-616 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 7674KB] ( 13224 )
617 A Visual Bibliometric Analysis of the Current Status and Hot Spots of Pathological Myopia Research from 2013 to 2022
Jiaqi Wang, Yaqiong Zhang, Xueyu Meng, et al
Objective: To explore the current research status and frontier hotspots in pathological myopia (PM) based on the bibliometric software CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Methods: Bibliometric analysis methods. The Web of Science core database was searched in March 2023 for relevant literature on PM published between 2013 and 2022, including author, institution, country/region, journal, and keywords. Results:After reviewing the literature, 713 papers were fnally included. The number of publications in the feld of PM showed a steady upward trend in the last 10 years. The distribution of journals revealed that Retina-the Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases in JCR I had the highest number of publications. Professor Ohno-matsui K from Tokyo, Japan, had the highest number of publications and citations, according to the author distribution. The distribution of research institutions revealed that Tokyo University of Medicine and Dentistry had the highest number of publications, followed by Fudan University and Sun Yat-sen University. However, China had more publications in this feld, with 7 out of the top 10 institutions. The countries/regions analysis revealed that China (278), Japan (124) and the United States (98) were the most active in the feld of PM, but China's centrality was very low. The keyword clusters mainly focused on epidemiological studies of PM, diagnosis, management, and complications of choroidal neovascularization. The keyword bursts analysis indicated that the classifcation of PM and myopia-related macular degeneration were new research hotspots. Conclusions: In the study of PM from 2013 to 2022, most publications came from China and Japan. There were quite a few publishing institutions in China, but there were fewer connections between institutions. The classifcation of PM and the diagnosis and management of myopia-associated macular degeneration have recently emerged as leading research areas in this feld.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 617-622 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2185KB] ( 11768 )
Case Report
623  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 623-624 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4394KB] ( 12264 )
625  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 625-627 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2119KB] ( 11654 )
628  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 628-630 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 11626KB] ( 13803 )
Review
631 Research Progress of Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation
Yuting Shao, Yanlong Bi
Over the last decade, simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET) has attracted more and more attention of scholars due to its small amount of harvest, no need for vitro-culture, and its excellent clinical effcacy. It is expected to become an ideal procedure for limbal stem cell defciency. However, only a few hospitals in China have performed it. This paper reviewed the developments of SLET at home and abroad from the aspects of surgical procedures, classifcation, clinical application, mechanism of action, which provides the theoretical guidance for Chinese scholars to further carry out clinical research on SLET.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 631-636 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3475KB] ( 12102 )
637 RecentAdvances in Hyperopic Refractive Corneal Surgery
Jiawei Wu, Lu Xiong, Zheng Wang
Traditional corneal refractive surgeries using excimer laser has proven their safety, effcacy, and stability in correcting low degree hyperopia. However, in the clinic, traditional corneal refractive surgeries have certain limitations in the treatment of correcting moderate to high degree hyperopia. At present, a variety of novel corneal refractive surgical methods have been used to correct moderate to high hyperopia. This review summarizes the corrective effect of various types of corneal refractive surgery for correcting hyperopia and their related infuence factors.

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2023 Vol. 25 (8): 637-640 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 734KB] ( 11300 )
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