Myopia is one of the most common human eye diseases but its pathogenesis is still unclear. In recent years, several researchers have indicated that there are a variety of cell growth factors relating to the occurrence and development of myopia. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are important signaling molecules that could regulate myopic sclera remodeling by controlling the synthesis and degradation of the scleral extracellular matrix. However, further study about the specific pathways and mechanisms remains to be done. This review summarizes the expression in myopic sclera and the possible contributions of bFGF and TGF-β in regulating scleral remodeling.
赵雯,吴建峰,毕宏生. 碱性成纤维细胞生长因子与转化生长因子β在近视眼巩膜中作用的研究进展. 中华眼视光学与视觉科学杂志, 2013, 15(12):765-768. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-845X.2013.12.016.
ZHAO Wen,WU Jian-feng,BI Hong-sheng. Progress in research on basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-β in the myopic sclera. Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 2013, 15(12):765-768.
Hall NF, Gale CR, Ye S, et al. Myopia and polymorphisms in genes for matrix metalloproteinases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2009,50:2632-2635.
[2]
Rada JA, Shelton S, Norton TT. The sclera and myopia. Exp Eye Res,2006,82:185-200.
[3]
Presta M, Moscatelli D, Joseph-Silverstein J, et al. Purification from a human hepatoma cell line of a basic fibroblast growth factor-like molecule that stimulates capillary endothelial cell plasminogen activator production, DNA synthesis, and migration. Mol Cell Bio,1986,6:4060-4066.
[4]
Edwards DR, Murphy G, Reynolds JJ, et al. Transforming growth factor beta modulates the expression of collagenase and metalloproteinase inhibitor. EMBO J,1987,6:1899-1904.
[5]
Liu Q, Wu J, Wang X, et al. Changes in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. Mol Vis,2007,13:1234-1244.
[6]
Lu F, Zhou X, Jiang L, et al. Axial myopia induced by hyperopic defocus in guinea pigs: a detailed assessment on susceptibility and recovery. Exp Eye Res,2009,89:101-108.
[7]
McBrien NA, Gentle A. Role of the sclera in the development and pathological complications of myopia. Prog Ret Eye Res, 2003,22:307-338.
[8]
McBrien NA, Jobling AI, Gentle A. Biomechanics of the sclera in myopia: extracellular and cellular factors. Optom Vis Sci, 2009,86:E23-E30.
[9]
Gentle A, Liu Y, Martin JE, et al. Collagen gene expression and the altered accumulation of scleral collagen during the development of high myopia. J Biol Chem,2003,278:16587-16594.
[10]
McBrien NA, Cornell LM, Gentle A. Structural and ultrastructural changes to the sclera in a mammalian model of high myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2001,42:2179-2187.
[11]
Frost MR, Norton TT. Alterations in protein expression in tree shrew sclera during development of lens-induced myopia and recovery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2012,53:322-336.
[12]
Moring AG, Baker JR, Norton TT. Modulation of glycosaminoglycan levels in tree shrew sclera during lens-induced myopia development and recovery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2007,48:2947-2956.
[13]
Gentle A, Truong HT, McBrien NA. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the separate layers of the chick sclera during myopia eye growth:comparison with mammals. Curr Eye Res,2001,23:179-184.
[14]
Kusakari T, Sato T, Tokoro T. Visual deprivation stimulates the exchange of the fibrous sclera into the cartilaginous sclera in chicks. Exp Eye Res,2001,73:533-546.
Gentle A, McBrien NA. Retinoscleral control of scleral remodelling in refractive development: a role for endogenous FGF-2?茁. Cytokine,2002,18:344-348.
[20]
Lin HJ, Wan L, Tsai Y, et al. Sclera-related gene polymorphisms in high myopia. Mol Vis,2009,20:1655-1663.
[21]
Jobling AI, Gentle A, Metlapally R, et al. Regulation of scleral cell contraction bytransforming growth factor-beta and stress: competing roles in myopic eye growth. J Biol Chem, 2009,284:2072-2079.
[22]
Honda S, Fujii S, Sekiya Y, et al. Retinal control on the axial length mediated by transforming growth factor-beta in chick eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1996,37:2519-2526.
[23]
Mathis U, Schaeffel F. Transforming growth factor-beta in the chicken fundal layers: an immunohistochemical study. Exp Eye Res,2010,90:780-790.
[24]
Schippert R, Brand C, Schaeffel F, et al. Changes in scleral MMP-2, TIMP-2 and TGFβ-2 mRNA expression after imposed myopic and hyperopic defocus in chickens. Exp Eye Res,2006,82:710-719.
[25]
胡诞宁,Meeomriek SA. 视网膜色素上皮-脉络膜在近视发病中的作用. 眼视光学杂志,2000,2:197-200.
[26]
Jobling AI, Nguyen M, Gentle A, et al. Isoform-specific changes in scleral transforming growth factor-β expression and the regulation of collagen synthesis during myopia progression. J Biol Chem,2004,279:18121-18126.
[27]
Shah M, Foreman DM, Ferguson MW. Neutralisation of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 or exogenous addition of TGF-beta 3 to cutaneous rat wounds reduces scarring. J Cell Sci,1995, 108:985-1002.
[28]
Gao H, Frost MR, Siegwart JT Jr, et al. Patterns of mRNA and protein expression during minus-lens compensation and recovery in tree shrew sclera. Mol Vis,2011,17:903-919.
[29]
Seko Y, Tanaka Y, Tokoro T. Influence of bFGF as a potent growth stimulator and TGF-beta as a growth regulator on scleral chondrocytes and scleral fibroblasts in vitro. Ophthalmic Res,1995,27:144-152.
[30]
Abe M, Yokoyama Y, Ishikawa O. A possible mechanism of basic fibroblast growth factor-promoted scarless wound healing: the induction of myofibroblast apoptosis. Eur J Dermatol,2012, 22:46-53.
Rohrer B, Stelle WK. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) act as stop and go signals to modulate postnatal ocular growth in the chick. Exp Eye Res,1994,58:553-561.
[33]
Siegwart JT Jr, Norton TT. Selective regulation of MMP and TIMP mRNA levels in tree shrew sclera during minus lens compensation and recovery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2005, 46:3484-3492.
Liu R, Ahmed KM, Nantajit D, et al. Therapeutic effects of alipoic acid on bleonmycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Int J Mol Med,2007,19:865-873.