Objective To understand status of myopia in primary school pupils and middle school students in Lanzhou. Methods By using stratified clustered random sampling， 1 802 primary school pupils and middle school students from Chengguan district， Qilihe district， and Anning district of Lanzhou city， were enrolled in this study. Three schools were firstly chosen in each district， including one primary school， one junior middle school， and one senior middle school. Subsequently one class was randomly selected from each grade to investigate their ophthalmology status， including general visual acuity， intraocular pressure， computer optometry， and refractive parameters （measured by optical coherence biometry， IOLMaster， Zeiss）. One-way ANOVA， Pearson correlation， and χ² test was used to analysis these data. Results A total 1 802 students （3 604 eyes） were under checked. The total prevalence of myopia was 71.50% in primary pupils and middle school students of Lanzhou. The prevalence of myopia were 70.61% and 72.55% in males and females （χ2=10.43， P<0.05）. For primary pupils， junior-， and senior middle school students， the prevalence of myopia were 51.1%， 88.1%， and 94.5% respectively. The prevalence of myopia for students range from primary school grade 1 to senior high school grade 3 were 17.7%， 36.4%， 49.6%， 64.8%， 64.8%， 75.7%， 81.6%， 90.4%， 93.2%， 93.4%， 94.5%， and 95.4%， respectively （χ2=1501， P<0.05）. With the grade increased， expanded eye axial length （statistical significance between primary school grade 1， junior school grade 1， and high school grade 3， P<0.05）， decreased visual acuity （statistical significance between primary school grade 1， junior school grade 1， and high school grade 3， P<0.05）， and stable corneal curvature （no statistical significance among all grades， P>0.05） were observed. Correlation analysis showed that refraction had various correlation intensities with different indexes， such as moderate correlation with height and body weight （r=-0.479， P<0.05； r=-0.439， P<0.05）， strong correlation with visual acuity and axial length （r=0.708， P<0.05； r=-0.710， P<0.05）， and no significant correlation with corneal refractive power （r=0.002， P>0.05）. Conclusion The incidence of myopia was high in primary school pupils and middle school students of Lanzhou， with myopia occurred in females more often than in males. The prevalence of myopia increased with increasing grades， and refraction was correlated with visual acuity and axial length.