In the past 20 years， significant progress has been achieved in the epidemiological research of dry eye in China， however， compared with the advanced reseach， we still have a long way to go. A series of high level epidemiological research of dry eye will be carried out to reveal the epidemiological distribution and risk factors for dry eye patients in China. Diagnostic study of dry eye will be strengthened to establish the diagnostic criteria for Chinese patients. Awareness should be raised on epidemiological research and training among ophthalmologists. The three-grade prevention strategy for chronic diseases will be implemented and the health education and health care system of dry eye should be established. Scientific analysis and evaluation on valuable epidemiological results of dry eye will be made and applied to clinical practice， serving the dry eye prevention and treatment.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of moisture chamber glasses in the treatment of dry eye. Methods This was a self-controlled clinical study. Fifty-six outpatients with mild to moderate dry eye were enrolled from November 2012 to June 2013. Symptoms were evaluated with a dry eye questionnaire， the ocular surface disease index （OSDI） questionnaire， blink frequency， conjunctival hyperemia， corneal fluorescein staining， Schirmer Ⅰ test （SIT）， and tear film break-up time （BUT）. The same examinations were performed after 1 week of treatment with moisture chamber glasses. Self-controlled paired t tests or rank sum tests were used for statistical analysis of the data before and after treatment. The correlation between the ocular surface protection index （OPI） and corneal fluorescein staining was analyzed by a rank correlation test. Results After one week of treatment with moisture chamber glasses， symptoms of dry eye had improved significantly based on lower scores on the dry eye questionnaire （Z=-5.084， P<0.01） and the OSDI questionnaire （Z=-5.149， P<0.01）. Meanwhile， blink frequency reduced （t=6.430， P<0.01）， palpebral conjunctival hyperemia （Z=-4.185， P<0.01） and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia （Z=-2.598， P<0.01） were alleviated， and the corneal staining score （Z=-5.001， P<0.01） and the signs score （Z=-5.288， P<0.01） were significantly reduced. In addition， moisture chamber glasses resulted in a longer BUT （t=7.416， P<0.01） and higher OPI （Z=-5.622， P<0.01）； OPI was positively correlated with corneal fluorescein staining （r=-0.445， P＜0.01）. Conclusion Moisture chamber glasses can effectively improve subjective symptoms in mild to moderate dry eye patients as well as stabilize tear film and alleviate clinical signs. It holds great potential in the treatment of dry eye.

Objective To study the expression of inflammatory factors IL-17A， IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α in the lachrymal glands of ovariectomized rats when the level of sex hormones changes. Methods This was an experimental study. Twenty healthy female SD rats were divided randomly into a control group （n=10） and an experimental group （n=10）. Ovariectomy was performed on the experimenal group， while a sham operation was performed on the control group. A Schirmer Ι test （SIT） and corneal fluorescence staining were performed on both groups before surgery and at 1， 2， and 3 months after surgery. The results were analyzed with the repeated measurement ANOVA. Acinar cells from the lacrimal glands were examined by HE staining. At the 3rd month， the concentrations of estrogen and androgen were measured by radiation immunoassay detection and were analyzed with independent sample t tests. The expressions of IL-17A， IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α were analyzed by immunohistochemical and Western blot methods with independent sample t tests. Results The concentration of estrogen and androgen in the experimental group decreased compared with the control group （t=-35.37， -12.13， P<0.01）. There were no differences between the control group and the experimental group for the SIT and corneal fluorescence staining at each time point （P>0.05）. HE staining showed that the enzymes of the original particles in the lachrymal cells were significantly reduced while acinar atrophy and cell arrangement disorder were observed in the experimental group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression of inflammatory factors in the lachrymal glands was significantly higher in the experimental group compared with those in the control group （A value： IL-17A： t=7.56， P<0.01， IL-1β： t=13.71， P<0.01， IL-6： t=13.92， P<0.01， TNF-α： t=6.11， P<0.01）. Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of inflammatory factors in the lachrymal glands were significantly higher in the experimental group compared with those in the control group （A value： IL-17A： t=20.90， P<0.01， IL-1β： t=16.93， P<0.01， IL-6： t=12.46， P<0.01， TNF-α： t=14.47， P<0.01）. Conclusion The levels of estrogen and androgen in the experimental group dropped at the 3rd month postoperatively but there were no obvious clinical signs found on the ocular surface. The expression of inflammatory factors， such as IL-17A， IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α， increased in the lachrymal glands of ovariectomized rats.

Objective To explore the prevalence of dry eye in terminal video′s occupational population as well as the related risk factors. Methods Investigation study. Terminal video′s occupational population over 20 years old from a certain communicationn were randomly selected. All participants completed the dry eye questionnaire， the ocular surface disease index（OSDI）， break-up time （BUT）， fluorescein corneal staining and Schirmer I test （SIT）. The diagnosis of dry eye was referred to the well-accepted domestic diagnostic standard. The t text， chi-square test， one-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for analysis. Results Five hundred and sixteen people participated in this study and the response rate was 94.2%. The prevalence of dry eye was 47.7% and there were no significant statistical difference between male （51.1%） and female （44.0%） as well as different ages. The people′s scores of OSDI with dry eye is higher than those without dry eye. The other related factors include wearing contact lens， blinking frequencies， the position and the distance of screen， the relax time and the working environment. Conclusion The major risk factors of dry eye in occupational population are wearing contact lens， blinking frequencies， the position and the distance of screen， the relax time and the working environment.

Objective To analyze the cause of dry eye in children is clinically misdiagnosed as amblyopia； to gain a better understanding of dry eye in children in order to avoid and reduce the occurrence of misdiagnosis. Methods This was a retrospective cases analysis. Optometric testing was performed on 15 children who had been diagnosed as amblyopic in outpatient clinic. Children aged 4 to 7 years were included in this study. When optometric prescriptions for the treatment of amblyopia are not effective and some symptoms are present， the children then were checked for dry eye. Results After testing for dry eye， all the children were diagnosed as dry eye and recovered after medical treatment. Conclusion A diagnosis of dry eye is often overlooked in children. Systematic investigations and careful tests for dry eye should be performed on high-risk children.

Objective To compare the primary screen differential expression of microRNAs in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy （TAO） groups and a control group with partial immunopathogenesis. Methods Experimental study. Patients were divided into 3 groups： a silent TAO group （3 samples）， an acute TAO group （3 samples） and a control group （3 samples）. After all microRNAs were extracted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） of each sample， the next generation sequence （NGS） was examined and used to establish the microRNA profile. The differential expression of microRNA was found by comparing the silent TAO group vs. the control group and the acute TAO group vs. the control group. MicroRNAs were expressed differently in the groups. Then quantitative real-time PCR （qrt-PCR） was used to verify those differences in another 5 samples from each group. Results Compared to the control group， 18 microRNAs in the silent TAO group and 31 in the acute TAO group were sorted out by setting a criterion of P<0.05 and a fold change （fc）>2. There were 4 microRNAs （miR-19a-5p， miR-30c-2-3p， miR-548c-5p， miR-6718-5p） in common between the two comparisons. The up-regulation trends of those 4 microRNAs verified by qrt-PCR were in line with the results of the microRNA-seq. Conclusion Differential expressed microRNAs in PBMC could be novel biomarkers for detection of TAO in humans and some may play a key role in the immunopathogenesis of TAO.

Objective To compare the accuracy of different methods for calculating human lens power when lens thickness is not available and find suitable methods for large-scale studies of refractive development. Methods In this cross-sectional survey， lens power was calculated by three different methods. The three methods used the biometry and refraction data of 378 emmetropic eyes of 189 subjects （age range， 7-14 years）. These three methods consist of the Bennett method， which uses lens thickness， and a modification of the Stenström method and the Bennett-Rabbetts method， both of which do not require knowledge of lens thickness. Lens powers calculated with the modified-Stenström and Bennett-Rabbetts methods were compared for accuracy to those calculated with the Bennett method. Data were analyzed by a paired sign test， Wilcoxon rank sum test and Pearson correlation analysis. Results Using the Gullstrand-Emsley and Bennett-Rabbetts eye models， the modified-Stenström method gave lens powers that were approximately 0.46±0.35 D and 0.29±0.35 D lower than the Bennett lens powers and were significantly different from it （signrank=-159.5， -120， P<0.01）. The Bennett-Rabbetts method gave lens powers that were approximately 0.27±0.35 D and 0.09±0.34 D lower and were significantly different from the Bennett lens powers （signrank=-112.5， -42， P<0.01）. By customizing the c constants， the differences in the two methods were remarkably reduced to nonsignificance （signrank=5， P>0.05）. The largest difference was just 1.35 D. Agreement with the Bennett method was within ±0.50 D for 85.4% of the eyes. The lens power differences determined with the Bennett and Bennett-Rabbetts methods decreased with age for children 7-12 years old and increased with age for children above 12 years old （χ²=314.53， P<0.01）. The power difference between the two methods had a negative correlation with age （r=-0.36， P<0.01）. Conclusion With appropriately customized constants， the Bennett-Rabbetts method provides a good approximation of the Bennett lens power in emmetropic eyes. However， the agreement between the two methods for myopia and hyperopia needs further study.

Objective To compare the efficacy and ocular safety between bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution eye drops and topical compound tobramycin eye drops for the treatment of postoperative inflammation and the effect on intraocular pressure in subjects who had undergone small incision lenticule extraction （SMILE）. Methods In a prospective， case control study， 30 patients （60 eyes） were treated with bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution eye drops 2 times daily for 2 weeks， and 30 patients （60 eyes） were treated with topical compound tobramycin eye drops 4 times daily for 1 week. All subjects had undergone SMILE surgery for myopia correction. Visual quality， intraocular pressure （IOP）， corneal sensitivity， tear film break up time （BUT）， Schirmer′s Ⅱ test， corneal fluorescein staining and ocular surface disease index （OSDI） were assessed preoperatively and at 1 week， 1 month， and 3 months postoperatively. Comparisons of the variables were performed using the repeated measures analysis of variance and multiple comparison analysis with SPSS 19.0 statistical software. Results There was no significant difference between the group treated with bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution eye drops and the group treated with compound tobramycin eye drops when uncorrected visual acuity， best corrected visual acuity， corneal sensitivity， BUT， Schirmer′s Ⅱ test， corneal fluorescein staining and OSDI were compared. The IOPcc was significantly higher in the group treated with topical compound tobramycin eye drops （15.57±2.54 mmHg） compared to the group treated with bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution eye drops （12.51±2.45 mmHg） and the difference was statistically significant （F=45.409， P<0.05）. Conclusion Bromfenac sodium hydrate ophthalmic solution eye drops have the same anti-inflammatory effect as topical compound tobramycin eye drops and do not significantly increase IOPcc during early recovery after SMILE surgery.

Objective To assess the repeatability and accuracy of two instruments for measuring corneal refractive power in myopic eyes： the Scheimpflug-Placido topographer （Sirius） and the Keratron topographer. Methods Fifty-two eyes of 52 pre-LASIK myopic volunteers whose mean age was 21.6±4.8 years， with an average spherical equivalent of -4.8±2.1 D， were enrolled in this prospective study. Corneal refractive power was measured by both the Keratron topographer and the Sirius Scheimpflug-Placido topographer. Keratron measures Km， which is simulated keratometry； Sirius provides two kinds of corneal refractive power： Sim K and mean pupil power （MPE） under different pupil sizes using ray tracing. Three consecutive measurements were obtained. The coefficient of variation and Cronbach′s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient（ICC） were used to assess the repeatability of the Sim K and MPE obtained by Sirius. The differences between Sim K， MPE and Km were analyzed by a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were used to evaluate the correlation and agreement between Sim K， MPE and Km. Results The results of Km， Sim K， MPE3， MPE4， MPE4.5， MPE5， MPE6 and MPE7 were 42.91±1.52 D，42.25±1.50 D， 42.42±1.52 D， 42.52±1.52 D， 42.63±1.55 D， 42.87±1.57 D， 43.11±1.60 D and 42.99±1.50 D， respectively. The coefficients of variation were lower than 1% for all parameters measured by Sirius. Cronbach′s Alpha and ICC were both higher than 0.99. The Sim K averaged 0.08 D lower than Km with statistically significant differences （t=4.11， P<0.01）. The MPE3 average was 0.74 D smaller than Km with statistically significant differences （t=32.00， P<0.01）. Pearson analysis indicated excellent correlations （r>0.98， P<0.01）. The 95% limits of agreement between Sim K and Km， MPE3 and Km were （-0.35 D， 0.19 D）， （-1.07 D， -0.41 D）. Conclusion In myopic eyes， simulated keratometry measured by Sirius was similar to Keratron. The instruments can be regarded as clinically interchangeable. However， mean pupil power using ray tracing cannot be factored directly into intraocular lens power calculations.

The incidence of diabetes mellitus has generally increased all over the world. Diabetes mellitus causes several complications， including dry eye， diabetic keratopathy， diabetic retinopathy， glaucoma， cataract， and ametropia， which seriously decrease visual acuity and even cause blindness. The correlation of diabetes mellitus and ocular surface complications is significantly elevated. Dry eye in diabetes mellitus mainly exhibits several clinical features that include recurring corneal epithelial exfoliation， the delay of corneal epithelial regeneration， and a decrease in corneal sensitivity. These anomolies are mainly caused by changes in tears， increasing tear film osmolarity， unstable tear film， and corneal nerve damage in hyperglycemic conditions. This paper briefly reviews research on the factors that influence dry eye in diabetes mellitus along with clinical features， and discusses new detection methods and treatment strategies.

Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common ocular disorders. Although significant advances in both basic and clinical research have been made over the past years， the pathophysiological mechanisms of dry eye syndrome still need further clarification. In vivo confocal microscopy is a noninvasive ocular imaging tool that allows the observation of ocular surface epithelial cells， immune and inflammatory cells， corneal nerves， keratocytes， and meibomian gland structures on a cellular level. Therefore， it could help improve understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the dry eye syndrome. Ocular surface structures in dry eye-related conditions could be assessed and alterations could be quantified using in vivo confocal microscopy， and it may enable the disease to be detected at much earlier stages and allow stratification of patients for clinical therapies. Furthermore， dynamic observation of the changes in confocal images could also help monitor the efficacy of treatment strategies， thus tailoring treatment in a timely manner and evaluating the prognoses more accurately.