Autophagy is a conserved protein degradation process dependent on lysosome. It eliminates defective proteins and organelles and plays a key role in cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is also an important process for immune defense, tumor suppression as well as the prevention of neuronal degeneration. In the eye,
autophagy is further discussed in an analysis of cell health and function. This paper reviews the researches on the current understanding of the role autophagy in the health and pathology of cornea diseases.
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Choi SI, Kim KS, Oh JY, et al. Melatonin induces autophagy via an mTOR-dependent pathway and enhances clearance of mutant-TGFBIp. J Pineal Res, 2013, 54(4): 361-372. DOI:10.1111/jpi.12039.
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Schmedt T, Silva MM, Ziaei A, et al. Molecular bases of corneal endothelial dystrophies. Exp Eye Res, 2012, 95(1): 24-34. DOI:10.1016/j.exer.2011.08.002.
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Matthaei M, Hu J, Meng H, et al. Endothelial cell whole genome expression analysis in a mouse model of early-onset Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013,54(3): 1931-1940. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10898.
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Shah A, Farooq AV, Tiwari V, et al. HSV-1 infection of human corneal epithelial cells: receptor-mediated entry and trends of re-infection. Mol Vis, 2010, 16: 2476-2486.
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Leib DA, Alexander DE, Cox D, et al. Interaction of ICP34.5 with Beclin 1 modulates herpes simplex virus type 1 pathogenesis through control of CD4+ T-cell responses. J Virol,2009, 83(23): 12164-12171. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01676-09.
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Zhang M, Covar J, Zhang NY, et al. Virus spread and immune response following anterior chamber inoculation of HSV-1 lacking the Beclin-binding domain (BBD). J Neuroimmunol,2013, 260(1-2): 82-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.03.013.
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Jiang Y, Yin X, Stuart PM, et al. Dendritic cell autophagy contributes to herpes simplex virus-driven stromal keratitis and immunopathology. mBio, 2015, 6(6): e01426-01415. DOI:10.1128/mBio.01426-15.
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Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Herpes simplex virus-1 fine-tunes host's autophagic response to infection: a comprehensive analysis in productive infection models. PLoS One, 2015, 10(4): e0124646.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124646.
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Karnati R, Talla V, Peterson K, et al. Lacritin and other autophagy associated proteins in ocular surface health. Exp Eye Res, 2016,144:4-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.015.
[32]
Wang N, Zimmerman K, Raab RW, et al. Lacritin rescues stressed epithelia via rapid forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)-associated autophagy that restores metabolism. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288(25):18146-18161. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M112.436584.
[33]
Pankiv S, Clausen TH, Lamark T, et al. p62/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(33):24131-24145. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M702824200.
[34]
Shi CS, Shenderov K, Huang NN, et al. Activation of autophagy by inflammatory signals limits IL-1β production by targeting ubiquitinated inflammasomes for destruction. Nat Immunol,2012, 13(3): 255-263. DOI: 10.1038/ni.2215.
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Schöllhorn L, Bock F, Cursiefen C. Thrombospondin-1 as a regulator of corneal inflammation and lymphangiogenesis:effects on dry eye disease and corneal graft immunology. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 31(7): 376-385. DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0020.
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Gipson IK. Age-related changes and diseases of the ocular surface and cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(14):ORSF48-53. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12840.
[37]
Amaravadi R, Debnath J. Mouse models address key concerns regarding autophagy inhibition in cancer therapy. Cancer Discov,2014, 4(8): 873-875. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0618.
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Yoon SY, Ha YE, Choi JE, et al. Autophagy in coxsackievirusinfected neurons. Autophagy, 2009, 5(3): 388-389.
[39]
Coker-Gurkan A, Arisan ED, Obakan P, et al. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA potentiates purvalanol-induced apoptosis in Bax deficient HCT 116 colon cancer cells. Exp Cell Res, 2014,328(1): 87-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.022.
[40]
Moon EK, Kim SH, Hong Y, et al. Autophagy inhibitors as a potential antiamoebic treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis.Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015, 59(7): 4020-4025. DOI:10.1128/AAC.05165-14.
[41]
Moon EK, Hong Y, Chung DI, et al. Identification of atg8 isoform in encysting Acanthamoeba. Korean J Parasitol, 2013,51(5): 497-502. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.497.
[42]
Moon EK, Chung DI, Hong Y, et al. Atg3-mediated lipidation of Atg8 is involved in encystation of Acanthamoeba. Korean J Parasitol, 2011, 49(2): 103-108. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.103.
[43]
Song SM, Han BI, Moon EK, et al. Autophagy protein 16-mediated autophagy is required for the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 2012, 183(2):158-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.02.013.
[26]
Shah A, Farooq AV, Tiwari V, et al. HSV-1 infection of human corneal epithelial cells: receptor-mediated entry and trends of re-infection. Mol Vis, 2010, 16: 2476-2486.
[27]
Leib DA, Alexander DE, Cox D, et al. Interaction of ICP34.5 with Beclin 1 modulates herpes simplex virus type 1 pathogenesis through control of CD4+ T-cell responses. J Virol,2009, 83(23): 12164-12171. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01676-09.
[28]
Zhang M, Covar J, Zhang NY, et al. Virus spread and immune response following anterior chamber inoculation of HSV-1 lacking the Beclin-binding domain (BBD). J Neuroimmunol,2013, 260(1-2): 82-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.03.013.
[29]
Jiang Y, Yin X, Stuart PM, et al. Dendritic cell autophagy contributes to herpes simplex virus-driven stromal keratitis and immunopathology. mBio, 2015, 6(6): e01426-01415. DOI:10.1128/mBio.01426-15.
[30]
Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Herpes simplex virus-1 fine-tunes host's autophagic response to infection: a comprehensive analysis in productive infection models. PLoS One, 2015, 10(4): e0124646.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124646.
[31]
Karnati R, Talla V, Peterson K, et al. Lacritin and other autophagy associated proteins in ocular surface health. Exp Eye Res, 2016,144:4-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.015.
[32]
Wang N, Zimmerman K, Raab RW, et al. Lacritin rescues stressed epithelia via rapid forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)-associated autophagy that restores metabolism. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288(25):18146-18161. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M112.436584.
[33]
Pankiv S, Clausen TH, Lamark T, et al. p62/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(33):24131-24145. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M702824200.
[34]
Shi CS, Shenderov K, Huang NN, et al. Activation of autophagy by inflammatory signals limits IL-1β production by targeting ubiquitinated inflammasomes for destruction. Nat Immunol,2012, 13(3): 255-263. DOI: 10.1038/ni.2215.
[35]
Schöllhorn L, Bock F, Cursiefen C. Thrombospondin-1 as a regulator of corneal inflammation and lymphangiogenesis:effects on dry eye disease and corneal graft immunology. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 31(7): 376-385. DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0020.
[36]
Gipson IK. Age-related changes and diseases of the ocular surface and cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(14):ORSF48-53. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12840.
[37]
Amaravadi R, Debnath J. Mouse models address key concerns regarding autophagy inhibition in cancer therapy. Cancer Discov,2014, 4(8): 873-875. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0618.
[38]
Yoon SY, Ha YE, Choi JE, et al. Autophagy in coxsackievirusinfected neurons. Autophagy, 2009, 5(3): 388-389.
[39]
Coker-Gurkan A, Arisan ED, Obakan P, et al. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA potentiates purvalanol-induced apoptosis in Bax deficient HCT 116 colon cancer cells. Exp Cell Res, 2014,328(1): 87-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.022.
[40]
Moon EK, Kim SH, Hong Y, et al. Autophagy inhibitors as a potential antiamoebic treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis.Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015, 59(7): 4020-4025. DOI:10.1128/AAC.05165-14.
[41]
Moon EK, Hong Y, Chung DI, et al. Identification of atg8 isoform in encysting Acanthamoeba. Korean J Parasitol, 2013,51(5): 497-502. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.497.
[42]
Moon EK, Chung DI, Hong Y, et al. Atg3-mediated lipidation of Atg8 is involved in encystation of Acanthamoeba. Korean J Parasitol, 2011, 49(2): 103-108. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.103.
[43]
Song SM, Han BI, Moon EK, et al. Autophagy protein 16-mediated autophagy is required for the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 2012, 183(2):158-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.02.013.