Achievements in the field of etiology and molecular genetics of myopia have been summarized on the book "The Myopias" recently published by the People's Hygiene Publications (Chapters 6 and 7). This paper reviews the literatures on the etiology and molecular genetics of myopia that published (late 2007 to January 15, 2010) after the completion of this book and discusses the prospective of studies in this field.

Objective To investigate the change in retinal protein kinase C (PKC) in form-deprivation myopia in the guinea pig. Methods Guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups: 3-day deprivation, 7-day deprivation and 14-day deprivation. The right eye of 8 guinea pigs was deprived, and other eyes used as a control in each group. Form-deprivation myopia was induced with translucent eye shields on the right eye. Following a schedule, ocular biometric measurements (comeal curvature radius, refraction and axial length) were performed. The guinea pigs were sacrificed and retinal samples were obtained. Retinal PKC activity was detected by non-radioactive methods, and protein was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Results The deprived eyes in the guinea pigs became myopic with an elongation of the ocular axis dependent on eye occlusion. As deprivation time increased, there was an increase in the severity of myopia. Compared to the control eyes, retinal PKC activity was significantly up-regulated in the deprived eyes of each group (P<0.05). Retinal PKC activity was elevated after 3 days of occlusion [(0.28 ±0.08)units/ml, P<0.05], and reached a maximum after 7 days of occlusion [(0.43±0.10)units/ml, P<0.05]. Subsequently, a decline in retinal PKC activity was observed after 28 days of occlusion [(0.32±0.07)units/ml, P<0.05]. PKC protein was expressed in the retinal ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer. PKC protein was up-regulated in the inner nuclear layer of the retina in the deprived eyes (P<0.05), but there was no change in ganglion cells (P>0.05). The tendency for a change in retinal PKC activity coincided with the protein in the inner nuclear layer of the retina in the deprived eyes. There was a significant correlation between the intensity of PKC immunoreactivity in the inner nuclear layer and retinal PKC activity in the deprived eyes (r=0.994, P=0.000). Conclusion The increase in retinal PKC activity played an important role in the development of form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs.

Objective To study effects of exogenous retinoic acid (RA) on the growth of human scleral fibroblasts (HSF) and the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2). Methods HSF of 5-7 passages were quantitated after being treated with RA at concentrations of 10-10 mol/L, 10-9 mol/L,10-8 mol/L, 10-7 mol/L, 10-6 mol/L, respectively for 6 days. The mRNA level of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was measured by Real-time PCR followd by analysis using one-way ANOVA. Results The growth of HSF was significantly inhibited after 6 days of treatment with at least 10-9 mol/L of RA (P<0.05). The reduction in number of HSF was positively correlated to the RA concentrations used. The mRNA level of MMP-2 was increased when the concentration of RA > 10-8 mol/L. However, there was not significantly different between RA treated and non-RA treated HSF (P>0.05). The mRNA level of TIMP-2 decreased (P<0.05) in HSF treated with RA at concentration ≥10-9 mol/L. Conclusion RA could inhibit the growth of HSF cells and downregulate the mRNA level of TIMP-2, probably resulting in scleral remodeling.

Objective To investigate the changes in the relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE) of the human eye and its regularity under sustained near work conditions. Methods Twenty-five myopic subjects were enrolled, ranging in age from 22 to 33 years with an average age of (26.6±0.4)years. The spherical equivalent refractive error ranged from -1.50 D to -6.50 D, with an average of (-3.75±0.33)D, and astigmatism was less than 0.75 D. Soft contact lenses were used to correct refractive error for both eyes during the study. Autorefractive measurements at the fovea and at 30° eccentricity in the temporal retina at distances of 5 m, 33 cm, and 33 cm after 45 min of sustained reading at 33 cm were obtained using the spherical equivalent calculated with a Grand Seilko WAM-5500 autorefractor. Only the right eye of each subject was tested. Twenty readings were taken for each gaze condition and the mean value was used for analysis after excluding any values that were outside a certain range (mean±2SD). Measurements of relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE) were analyzed by a paired samples t test and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results The RPRE was (0.99±0.66)D at a distance of 5 m as a baseline, indicating myopes displayed hyperopic shifts in the peripheral field and became less hyperopic with accommodation [(0.73±0.61)D], but there were no significant differences (t=1.71, P=0.10). After 45 min of sustained reading at 33 cm, there was a hyperopic shift of (l.05±0.68)D, and there was a significant difference relative to pre-reading (t=-8.33, P=0.00). The accommodative response for the pre-reading condition was (2.15±0.32)D, and increased to (2.19±0.33)D after 45 min of sustained reading at 33 cm, but there was no significant difference (t =1.43, P =0.17) and there was no correlation between the subject's change in accommodative response and the change in RPRE (r=-0.272, P=0.188). Conclusion Sustained reading may have a significant effect on RPRE. There is an immediate hyperopic shift after sustained reading, indicat

Objective To investigate the biometric properties of the anterior segment of high myopia eyes, and to determine if there are differences in the ocular biometry of eyes with high myopia and low to moderate refractive errors. Methods Twenty-three patients [aged from 8 to 49 years, mean age (24.1±12.4)years]with unilateral high myopia (-6.00 diopters or more) were recruited for the paired study. Fellow eyes with low to moderate refractive errors (within -5.75 diopters) were used as a control group. Anisometropia was (8.73±4.73)D (range from 1.62 D to 16.75 D). The central comeal thickness and axial length (AL) were measured with A-scan ultrasonography and corneal curvature (mean curvature of the maximum and minimum meridian curvature of the central cornea), corneal asphericity (Q value within 30 degrees), corneal astigmatism、anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) were measured with a Pentacam. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software for Windows (version 15.0). A paired t-test was used to evaluate the differences in the parameters between the two eyes and linear correlation was used to describe the correlation between the two variables. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The high myopia group showed significantly higher ocular astigmatism [(1.43±1.26)D vs (0.93±0.92)D], AL [(27.45±1.63)mm vs (24.19±1.41)mm]and AL/CR (3.60±0.22 vs 3.16±0.12) than the control group (t=-2.539, P<0.05; t=8.606, P<0.01; t=8.167, P< 0.01, respectively). In the high myopia group, the anterior and posterior corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism and comeal asphericity, ACD, ACA and ACV were (44.1±1.8)D, (-6.3±0.3)D, (1.4± 1.0)D, (0.3±0.2)D, -0.35±0.13, -0.16±0.18, (3.12±0.30)mm, (38.7±4.2)° and (178±37)mm\ respectively; and in the control group, the values were (44.1±1.8)D, (-6.4±0.3)D, (1.3±0.8)D, (0.4± 0.2)D, -0.33±0.10, -0.20±0.19, (3.08±0.32)mm, (38.8±5.8)° and (175±40)mm3 respectively. There were no significant differences between the

Objective To evaluate the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in host responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by the use of cultured immortalized human comeal fibroblasts (HCF) and to determine whether LPS can induce an antibacterial response in these cells; to evaluate if glucocorticoids can change this response; to investigate the relationship between glucocorticoids and TLR when comeal bacterial infection occurs. Methods The donor's corneal cell was separated, cultured and identified. Cultured HCF were stimulated with LPS (1, 10, 100 ng/ml) from bacteria, and the effect on the expression of TLR was determined by RT-PCR, Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence. Cells were also co -cultured with LPS (10 ng/ml) and hydrocortisone (1, 10, 100 μg/ml) to determine whether hydrocortisone modulates the transcription of TLR. Results Incubation of HCF with LPS (1,10,100 ng/ml) up-regulated the expression of all TLR mRNA (TLR2 and TLR4 most noticeably), and when LPS was 10 ng/ml, the expression of TLR mRNA was the highest. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was up -regulated in response to LPS. This up -regulation was inhibited by co -treatment with hydrocortisone, the expression of TLR mRNA decreased. Conclusion HCF is involved in the corneal immune response to LPS. TLR2 and TLR4 may play a crucial signaling role in response to LPS in HCF. Glucocorticoids can reduce the expression of the TLR on the corneal stroma and thus may reduce the resistance to LPS in the cornea. These findings may provide crucial information for understanding the immune mechanisms of bacterial keratitis and promote the design of new immune therapeutic approaches to bacterial keratitis.

Objective To investigate the expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in rat lens epithelial cell (LEC) for different periods of time, and to investigate the regulatory role of Quercetin (HSP blocking agent) under high-temperature stress conditions. Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A was the normal control group, group B was the thermotolerance treatment group, and group C was the thermotolerance treatment with Quercetin group. The heat treatment procedure was as follows: the SD rat was placed in a water bath box at 45℃ (permanent lukewarm water) causing its rectal temperature rise to 42℃ and maintain for 15 min. The rat was then removed and placed in a normal temperature environment for 2 h. After that, the rats were placed in the water bath once every other day. At 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks, S rats in each group were sacrificed, the eyeballs were isolated, the lenses were excluded, and an immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of HSP27 in the LEC of each group. Results Statistical analysis was performed each week comparing LEC and HSP27 expression and the results were quite even for each group but statistics varied from week to week (P<0.05). Expression in the group B was clearly higher than that for the group A and C, but by the 2nd week expression in the group C was noticeably higher than that in the group A. Comparisons were made at different time intervals for each group and showed an increase in F values: during the first week F=80.99, during the second week F=261.3, during the third week F=242.6, and during the fourth week F= 719.5. There was no statistical difference for the group A (F=0.086, P=0.715), but the differences were significant for the group B (F=563.013, P<0.05) and group C (F=370.291, P<0.05). Conclusion Thermotolerance treatment can promote the expression of HSP27 in the lens epithelium and the expression is even more evident with time. HSP27 may have a protective effect on the lens epithelium. Quercetin inhibited the exp

Objective To investigate the effect of matrine (the alkaloid component in sophora roots) on the inhibition of cell proliferation in human comeal fibroblasts (HCF) in vitro. Methods Purified HCF were isolated and cultured and absorbance was measured from day 0 to day 8 by MTT. The cell growth curve was plotted and the population doubling time was estimated. HCF were treated with different concentrations of matrine (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/L), cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. A blank control group was set up, the DXM group, using menstruum as a solvent (160 mg/L). Results The cell growth curve of HCF approximated an "S", and the population doubling time was 52.17 h. After using different concentrations of matrine (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 mg/L), the respective inhibition ratios were 5.08%, 10.19%, 18.66%, 31.89%, 48.93% and 75.49% after 24 h, the inhibition ratios were 7.66%, 15.58%, 27.95%, 43.45%, 64.70%, 89.70%, after 48 h, and the inhibition ratios were 11.57%, 22.66%, 35.50%, 52.75%, 70.66%, 94.62% after 72 h. The inhibition ratios for the DXM group after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h were 37.15%, 50.81% and 56.99%, respectively. Conclusion For the concentrations investigated, matrine can significantly inhibit proliferation of cultured HCF in vitro. Matrine significantly suppressed the proliferation of HCF in a dose- and time-dependant positive trend, and 160 mg/L of matrine had an obviously stronger inhibitory action than DXM with the same concentrations.

Objective To determine the effects of macrophages on the survival and axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro. Methods A rat co -culture model was established with RGC and peritoneal cavity macrophages in transwell chambers. RGC cultured without macrophages served as the control. The axonal growth and survival time of RGC in the model were observed under phase contrast microscopy. The survival of RGC was determined by counting the cells with Trypan blue staining. The average lengths of the processes of RGC cultured on days 1, 3 and 5 were measured and calculated. Results The average counts of viable cells with Trypan blue staining in the co-culture system were 35.50±2.92, 28.20±3.36, 18.70±3.95, and 8.80±1.55 on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, respectively. And there were no statistically significant differences when compared to the controls (36.20±2.35, 27.10±2.96, 15.80±3.04, and 8.40±2.01, respectively;t=0.369, 0.497, 0.487, and 2.854; P>0.05). The average lengths of the RGC processes in the co-culture system were (19.79±3.98)μm, (68.30±4.07)μn, and (95.51 ±6.5l)μm on days 1, 3 and 5, respectively, which were significantly longer when compared to the controls [(15.28±1.28)μm, (58.18±4.22)μm, and (82.61 ±3.75)μm, respectively; t =-4.562, -6.554, -7.027; P<0.05). Conclusion Results shows that macrophages could significantly promote the axonal regeneration of RGC in a co-culture system, but there is no obvious effect on cell survival.

Objective To investigate an effective way to differentiate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) into nerve-like cells and address the low percentage of differentiation and survival of BMSC induced in vitro. Methods BMSC was separated using density gradient centrifugation and adherence screening methods. The surface antigen of BMSC was identified by immunohistochemistry methods using CD31, CD44, CD45, CD105 monoclonal antibody. The experimental groups were divided as follows: a retinal cell plus basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) group, bFGF group, and a negative control group. The expression of Neuronal Class Ⅲβ -Tubulin (Tuj1), neuron specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of induced BMSC was observed on day 3, 7 and 14 by immunocytochemistry. Animation of induced BMSC was observed by the MTT method. Results The morphologic shape of induced BMSC changed after 12 hours and gradually became typical nerve-like cells. Tuj1, NSE and GFAP positive cells could be found after three days by immunocytochemistry. The percentage of these positive cells increased in the total population with induced time. The proliferative ability of the induced BMSC had not been affected markedly. Conclusion An analogical retinal microenvoirenment and bFGF can induce BMSC to differentiate into nerve-like cells and survive in vitro.

Objective To investigate the general clinical features of iris synechia formation after extraction of congenital cataract in the first year of life; to determine its relationship to the risk factors. Methods This was a retrospective clinical study. Sixty -two eyes of 33 patients with congenital cataract were evaluated retrospectively between January 2005 and December 2008 based on clinical records. The patients were divided into two groups according to their age at the time of surgery: group A ≤6 months old and group B >6 months old (≤12 months). All operations were performed under general anesthesia. A scleral tunnel approach was used with bimanual lens aspiration. Posterior capsulorhexis and anterior vitrectomy was performed on all infants without intraocular lens implantation. The incidence, time of appearance, location and scope of iris synechia formation were observed. Results Of the 62 eyes, iris synechia formation occurred in 31 eyes after surgery, with a 50% incidence rate. The incidence of iris synechia formation for groups A and B was 60.0%(24/40) and 31.8%(7/22), respectively, after infantile congenital cataract surgery. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence between the two groups (χ2 =4.509, P<0.05). Synechiae occurred in 11 eyes (35.5%) within 2 weeks,and in 22 eyes (71.0%) within 1 month. Twenty-five eyes (80.6%) developed iris synechia in the superior part of the iris. The adhesion scope of 25 eyes (80.6%) was smaller than a quadrant, and when the severity of iris synechiae was measured in hour units, there was a statistically significant difference between the severity of the two groups [group A, (2.35 ±3.21)hours; group B, (0.77 ± 1.41 )hours; t =2.187, P<0.05]. Regarding complications, 7 eyes required pupilloplasty in the secondary IOL implant operation, 8 eyes had fibrin exudation postoperatively, and there was a recurrence of iris synechiae in 6 eyes. However, there was no similar complication in the non -synechiae eyes. The difference was statistically significant

Objective To investigate the change in the posterior Diff value (distance from the top point of the posterior surface of the cornea to the perfect spherical surface) after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia, and its relationship to visual acuity. Methods Comeal topography was performed on 62 myopic patients (123 eyes) before LASIK surgery and 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after surgery. Subjects were divided into groups according to the thickness of the residual stromal bed, the ratio of the thickness of the residual stromal bed to that of the preoperative cornea or preoperative degree of myopia. The posterior Diff value and its relationship to visual acuity was analyzed. The posterior Diff value was compared between groups and interviews postoperation. Results The posterior Diff value was higher after LASIK surgery than before surgery. The value increased as the thickness of the residual stromal bed decreased, and it increased with an increase in the preoperative degree of myopia. When the thickness of the residual stromal bed was more than 300 μm or the ratio of the thickness of the residual stromal bed to that of the preoperative cornea was above 55%, the posterior Diff value clearly decreased. The posterior Diff value was related to visual acuity to some extent. Conclusion The posterior surface protrudes forward is elevated after LASIK. A change in the posterior surface is one of the factors that affect visual acuity. The changes are related to the thickness of the residual stromal bed and preoperative degree of myopia. LASIK may be safer if the thickness of the residual stromal bed is more than 300 μm or the ratio of the thickness of the residual stromal bed to that of the preoperative cornea is above 55%.

Objective To investigate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on proliferation and migration in cultured human lens epithelial cell (HLEC). Methods HLEC cultured in a serum-free medium were treated with bFGF (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L). MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation effect and a FACS machine was used to detect the cell cycle. An in vitro wound healing model was used to detect the migration of HLEC treated with bFGF (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L) after 24 hours. Results bFGF (0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg/L) increased proliferation rates of cultured HLEC with density/time dependence. Compared to the control group, there was a significant difference (P<0.01). The addition of bFGF at a concentration of 100 μg/L for 24 hours was the maximal increase in the proliferation rate (112.78%). bFGF also induced proliferation by stimulating the G0/G1 phase cell decrease and increasing the S phase and G2/M phase. bFGF showed effects on migration of 27.21%, 154.42%, and 238.77% at concentrations of 1 μg/L, 10 μg/L. 100 μg/L, respectively. Compared to the control group, there was a significant difference (P <0.01). Conclusion bFGF can induce the proliferation and obvious migration of HLEC; consequently, bFGF is a mitogen and potent migratory factor for HLEC.

Objective To investigate the refractive error and best corrective visual acuity of preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years. Methods Ten kindergartens were randomly selected from different districts in the Guangzhou area. Refractive error and best corrected visual acuity of the preschoolers were measured. Refractive error was determined by an autorefractor, which was rechecked by cycloplegic retinoscopy with cyclopentolate. Best corrected visual acuity was measured with an EDTRS vision chart. Data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA using Bonferroni correction. Results Two thousand four hundred and eighty children were examined in the study. There were 201 boys and 172 girls in the 3-year-old group and 434/384, 437/410, 238/204 in the 4-, 5- and 6-year-old groups, respectively. The mean ages in months were 43.3±2.8, 53.8±3.3, 65.5±3.4 and 75.1 ±2.6, respectively. The spherical equivalent refractions of the corresponding age groups were (1.66±0.70)D, (1.67±0.80)D, (1.59±0.81)D and (1.48±0.72)D, respectively. And the differences among the groups were statistically significant (P=0.000). The Bonferroni multiple comparisons showed that the difference between any pair of groups was statistically significant, except for that between the 3-year-old and 4-year-old groups, and between the 3-year-old and 5-year-old groups. The best corrected visual acuities on the LogMAR scale for the corresponding age groups were 0.26±0.14, 0.18±0.10, 0.13± 0.08 and 0.10±0.08, respectively. The difference among groups was statistically significant (P=0.000). The Bonferroni multiple comparisons between any pair of groups were also statistically significant (P=0.000). Conclusion Hyperopic refractive error gradually decreases with an increase of age during the 3rd to 6th years. The norms of the best corrected visual acuity shows a slow rise during this period, which indicates that age is an indispensable factor in making a diagnosis of amblyopia in children.

Objective To compare the influence of residual corneal thickness on the biomechanical properties of the cornea and corneal deformation 6 months after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits (32 eyes) were randomly divided into 4 groups. Eight eyes were analyzed in each group. LASIK was performed on the rabbits in groups A, B and C with residual corneal stroma thicknesses of 30%, 50% and 70%, respectively. The rabbits in group D were the controls. Corneal topography was analyzed 6 months after LASIK. Strips of cornea were tested for uniaxial tension and creep with an Inatron 5544. The viscoelastic coefficients of the creep experiment were plotted for the different residual corneal thicknesses using the least squares fit method and the regression and experimental curves were plotted. Results Central corneal curvature was higher than peripheral corneal curvature in the therapy areas in group A. There was no ectasia or keratoconus on the corneal topography in group B and C. The elasticity modules of the cornea for the 3 different groups that underwent LASIK and the normal group have significant differences except for group C (P>0.05). Conclusion Stiffness coefficients diminished with an increase in the depth of the incision and the anti-tensile ability of the corneas is also reduced after LASIK. Further study needs to be done on keratoconus after LASIK with a residual stroma thickness of 50% of the cornea.

Objective To study the cause, treatment and prevention of the appearance of corneal endothelium edema (CEE) after LASEK to treat myopia. Methods LASEK was performed to treat myopia on 1911 patients (3814 eyes) with an age range of 18～45 years, average (25.4±6.7)years. Preoperative sphere was between -0.75 and -14.00 D and the cylinder was 0 to -5.50 D. Corrected visual acuity was better than 1.0. Large facula plane formula scan or Small facula flying-spot scan was used for the LASEK incision. After surgery, measurements were recorded for near and distant vision, best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp slave microscope examination, non-contact intraocular pressure, subjective and objective optometric tests and corneal topography at two weeks, one month, three months, six months and one year. CEE cases were identified, graded according to the time period and analyzed for further study to correlate the cause and method of treatment. Results After surgery, CCE appeared in varying degrees in 75 eyes (1.97%). Patient age ranged from 25 to 42 years, average (32.7±7.8)years. CEE occurred in every follow-up period but gradually declined with the use of more recent technology and renewed equipment available for treatment. The trends remain unchanged. The CEE cases were graded as follows one day after surgery: level 1, 56 eyes; level 2, 17 eyes; and level 3, 2 eyes. Intensive corticosteroid therapy was used for treatment plus treatment to prevent infection in the short term. CEE disappeared with treatment: there were 56 eyes at 3 days, 18 eyes at 1 week, and 2 eyes at 2 weeks. Visual acuity slowly recovered within a month and the change in vision tended to stabilize by six months. CEE occurred in each group and increased with the severity of myopia. CEE had a lower incidence in the mild and moderate groups compared to the high and very high groups. But statistical analysis with SPSS 10.0 software showed no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The appearance of CEE is caused by multiple factors aft

Objective To investigate the retinal thickness of the macula in adult amblyopic and normal eyes with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods The eyes of 47 amblyopic patients (65 eyes total)and 35 normal people (70 eyes total) were examined horizontally and vertically with OCT. The mean thickness of the retinal foveola was measured. 700 μm and 1000 μm to the foveola was measured in the nasal, superior, temporal and inferior quadrants. The data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 software, using t test. Results The mean retinal thickness of the foveola and 700 μm away from the foveola in amblyopic eyes were (153.45±12.37)μm, (257.68±12.73)μm, (263.27±15.17)μm, (247.55±13.62)μm and (262.41±16.37)μm, respectively. The retinal thickness of corresponding positions in normal eyes was (142.27±9.61)μm, (251.39±16.29)μm, (254.92±13.83)μm, (240.27±14.54)μm and (256.71±15.81)μm, respectively. The mean retinal thickness of the foveola and 700 μm from the foveola in amblyopic eyes was significantly larger than that in normal eyes (t= 5.39, 2.49, 3.34, 2.99, 2.05, respectively. P<0.05). The mean retinal thickness of the foveola and 1000 μm from the foveola in amblyopic eyes were (262.09±13.67)μm, (266.46±12.76)μm, (252.11± 13.47)μm and (264.32±15.23)μm, respectively. The retinal thickness of the corresponding positions in normal eyes was (264.25±14.42)μm, (269.61 ±13.66)μm, (250.91 ±13.27)μm and (261.75±14.18)μm, respectively. There was no significant difference in the perimacular (1000 μm from the foveola) retinal thickness between amblyopic and normal eyes (t=0.89, 1.38, 0.52, 1.06, respectively. P>0.05). Conclusion Retinal thicknesses of the foveola and 700 μm from the foveola in amblyopic eyes are thicker than those in normal eyes. The retinal abnormality of the foveola and fovea may be related to amblyopia.

The prevalence of myopia is increasing in present, but the mechanism remains unclear. Studies in myopic sclera of animals and human showed collagen type I has closely related to the development of myopia. So in this paper we reviewed the expression and regulation of type I collagen gene, as well as the relationship between myopia and type I collagen gene.

Congenital ectropion uveae (CEU) is a rare disorder characterized by overflows of the iris pigment epithelium covering the anterior iris surface, angle dysgenesis, and progressive glaucoma. The condition is generally nonprogressive but the main complication is congenital or juvenile glaucoma. This anomaly is correlated with neural crest dysplasia, and can be associated with some genetic diseases. The most typical manifestation is the pigment epithelium of the iris overflows into the pupil margin and covers a variable portion of the anterior iris surface. It may cover much of the iris, but does not extend to the iris root. Almost all patients require filtering surgery to control intraocular pressure.