Objective  To analyze the characteristics of corneal higher-order aberrations in myopia and the relationship between corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations. Methods  Two hundred sixteen eyes of 216 myopic subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. The SCHWIND corneal and ocular aberrometer was used to measure the higher-order aberrations of eyes at two pupil sizes （4 and 6 mm）. An independent-samples t test was used to analyze the difference between corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations. And a Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlations between anterior corneal higher-order aberrations and age， myopia and astigmatism. The differences in corneal higher-order aberrations between subjects who had with-the-rule （WR） astigmatism and those with against-the-rule （AR） astigmatism were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results  There were differences between corneal and ocular total higher-order aberrations， total spherical aberrations， horizontal coma （C3+1）， and spherical aberration （C40） both at 4 mm and 6 mm pupils （4 mm： t=-2.364， -7.587， -2.197， -6.320， P＜0.05； 6 mm： t=-4.794， -7.631， -7.945， -7.413， P＜0.01）. A positive correlation was found between C40 （WR & AR） and myopia both at the 4 mm and 6 mm ranges（WR： r=0.211， 0.255， P＜0.01； AR： r=0.697， 0.562， P＜0.01）. Astigmatism was positively correlated with corneal C3+1 in the AR group at both pupil sizes （4 and 6 mm） （r=0.470， 0.429， P＜0.05）. There was a difference in vertical coma （C3-1） between the WR and AR groups at 6 mm （P＜0.05）. Conclusion  Under the same pupil diameter， the root mean square of corneal higher-order aberrations from high to low in turn is： C40， C3-1， C3+1， C3-3， C3+3. Ocular aberrations show a difference. There are differences between the distribution of corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations， which indicated that there is compensation and superposition between corneal and internal higher-order aberrations. There are some differences in corneal higher-order aberrations between the WR and AR groups， although ocular astigmatism is against the rule and corneal astigmatism is almost always with the rule. Corneal astigmatism has some correlation with corneal higher-order aberrations.