Objective: To investigate the effect of axial length on optic disc and macular vessel densities (VDs) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: Patients with POAG were consecutively recruited in this case-control study from June 2019 to November 2019 in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. Eyes with POAG were divided into 2 groups based on a medium axial length (ranging 22.51-25.50 mm) and a long axial length (>25.51 mm). Then the two groups were matched by age and severity of glaucoma. Only one eye in each participant was selected. A total of 42 eyes of 42 patients were enrolled in the medium axial length group, and 37 eyes of 37 patients were enrolled in the long axial length group. All participants underwent visual field, OCT and OCTA examinations. Both radial peripapillary capillary vessel density (RPC VD) and macular superficial VD were evaluated with OCTA. A Student's t test and Pearson correlation were used for analysis. Results: The ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness of the long axial-length eyes with glaucoma was lower by a statistically significantly amount than in the medium axial-length eyes with glaucoma (74.5±9.6 μm vs. 80.5±13.6 μm; t=2.244, P=0.028), while there was not a statistically significant difference in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between these two groups. All macular VD parameters, including whole-image VD, parafoveal VD, perifoveal VD, were lower in the long axial-length eyes than in the medium axial-length eyes. A statistically significant difference was only found in the temporal perifoveal VD (t=2.235, P=0.028). The overall average and all quadrants of RPC VD between groups did not have a statistically significant difference (all P>0.05). Axial length had a statistically significant negative correlation with GCC and macular VD parameters (axial length and GCC: r=0.333, P=0.003; axial length and macular VD parameters: r ranged from -0.333 to -0.282, all P<0.05), while no statistically significant correlation between axial length and RPC VD was found. Conclusions: Axial length elongation in POAG eyes can damage the macular structure and vessel density, while it has little effect on optic disc vessel density.
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