Objective To explore the relative contribution of refractive status and stereopsis in a school population and to determine the associations between refractive status and stereoacuity， age， and axial length. Methods Subject data were sampled from the materials of a population-based cluster sampling of children in 8 primary schools in Shanghai in this cross-sectional investigation. According to the standards established for this study， a table was created based on a questionnaire and the examination of vision， stereopsis and axial length of the subjects. SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the data for the different ages （6， 7， 8， 9 and 10 years of age） and refractive status （emmtropia， mild myopia， severe myopia， mild hyperopia and severe hyperopia）. A χ² test was used to compare groups. An ANOVA was used to compare the normal distribution measurement data among groups. For non-normal distributions data， nonparametric tests were used throughout. Results ①The trend for the incidence of myopia increased and for the incidence of hyperopia decreased with an increase in age. There was a positive correlation between the prevalence of myopia and increased age （r=0.427， P<0.01）， and a negative correlation between the prevalence of hyperopia and increased age （r=0.269， P<0.01）. There was a significant difference in stereopsis with normal uncorrected vision （Kruskal Wallis， χ²＝88.867， P<0.01）. There was a statistically significant difference in stereopsis between ages 6 and 7 （Kolmogorov-Smirnov， Z=2.584， P<0.01）， but no difference between ages 7 and 8， 8 and 9， and 9 and 10 （P>0.05）. The difference in the detection rate of anomalous stereopsis was statistically significant for different refractive states （χ²＝57.294， P<0.01）. Stereoacuity also differed significantly among different refractive groups （Kruskal Wallis， χ²＝67.428， P<0.01）. The differences were statistically significant between severe hyperopia （Z=2.584， P<0.01）， severe myopia （Z=2.138， P<0.01）， and mild hyperopia （Z=1.819， P<0.01） and normal groups respectively. The mean value of axial length gradually increased with an increase in age and the differences were significant among age groups （F=115.248， P<0.01）. The differences were significant when all age groups were compared to each other （P<0.01）. Conclusion ①The results suggest that the prevalence of myopia increases with age， but the prevalence of hyperopia decreases with age in school-aged children. The eye in school-aged children goes from farsightedness to myopia. ②Stereopsis reaches maturity at 7 to 8 years of age. ③Mild and severe hypermetropia obviously influenced the development and establishment of stereopsis. ④The mean axial length of the eye gradually increased with age.