Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology and Visual science

中华眼视光学与视觉科学杂志

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Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology and Visual science

	2022 Vol.24 Issue.4 Published 2022-04-25

	Orignal Article Case Report Review

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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 0- [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 54181KB] ( 9686 )

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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 0- [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 646KB] ( 7186 )

Orignal Article

	241	The Difference in Contrast Sensitivity between Amblyopic Children and Normal Children
		Jingjing Zhou, Hongbin Dai, Youhua Zhang
		Objective: To explore the change in contrast sensitivity (CS) in amblyopic children before and after treatment and compare the difference in CS between amblyopic children and normal children. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. Amblyopic children treated in Aier Ophthalmology Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University during the period from June 2019 to December 2020 were selected as the amblyopia group. And normal children were selected as the control group. Based on the diagnostic criteria for the degree of amblyopia, the amblyopic eyes were divided into three groups: mild, moderate and severe. A total of 83 cases (137 eyes) in the amblyopia group and 26 cases (52 eyes) in the control group were selected. The 54 cases included binocular amblyopia (108 eyes) and 29 cases of unilateral amblyopia (29 amblyopic eyes and 29 fellow eyes). The numbers of mild, moderate, and severe amblyopic eyes were 45, 69, and 23, respectively. The CS of the fellow eyes of unilateral amblyopia and each group of amblyopic eyes were examined before treatment and for one year after treatment. The normal control group was also examined. A paired t test, LSD-t test, and Spearman correlation test were used in statistical analyses. Results: For fellow eyes of unilateral amblyopia and all the amblyopic eyes, all spatial frequencies of CS before treatment were lower than that in the normal group (P<0.05), and CS after treatment was higher than that before treatment in the same group (P<0.05). For a spatial frequency of 18.0 cpd, there were differences between fellow eyes and mild amblyopic eyes after treatment compared to the normal group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in other spatial frequencies. In spatial frequencies of 6.0, 12.0 and 18.0 cpd, there were differences between moderate amblyopic eyes after treatment compared to the normal group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference for 3.0 cpd. For severe amblyopic eyes, there were differences in all spatial frequencies between the treatment group and the normal group (P<0.05). In each spatial frequency before treatment, the CS of amblyopic eyes was negatively correlated with the degree of amblyopia (r=-0.52, -0.60, -0.55, -0.54, P<0.001). Conclusion: The CS of children with different levels of severity for amblyopia is lower than the normal control group. CS will increase to a certain extent after treatment, and it is easier to recover the CS of mild amblyopic eyes than for moderate and severe amblyopic eyes
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 241-247 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 985KB] ( 7476 )

	248	Analysis of Early Corneal Biomechanical Changes in Children after Wearing Orthokeratology Contact Lenses
		Ju Zhang, Xiaoxiao Li, Mingna Liu,et al
		Objective: To investigate the early changes in corneal biomechanical parameters in children after overnight wear of orthokeratology lenses (OK) and their associated factors. Methods: In this prospective clinical study, a total of 55 teenagers (109 eyes) with low to moderate myopia successfully wore OK lenses from June 2018 to December 2019. Twenty-eight males and 27 females with a mean age of (12.1±3.7) years and 1 d, 1 week and 1 month after first wearing the lenses. Corneal biomechanical parameters, including DA ratio (DAR), integrated radius (IR), Ambrosio relational thickness horizontal (ARTh), Stiffness parameter (SP-A1) and Corvis biomechanical index (CBI), were measured by Corvis ST. Corneal curvature was measured by Pentacam, and central corneal thickness (CCT) and central corneal epithelial thickness (CET) were measured by corneal OCT. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare changes in corneal biomechanics, refractive power, and corneal morphology at the different time points. A Pearson test was used to perform correlation analysis among various biomechanical indicators. Results: The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of all patients improved significantly after wearing OK lenses, and reached 0 logMAR at 1 month. The CBI increased gradually after wearing OK lenses, the highest at 1 month. There was a statistically significant difference between before and 1 d, 1week, 1 month after wearing OK lens (F=11.52, P<0.001). IR increased after wearing the lenses, and the highest increase was at 1 week, which was a statistically significant increase at every time points compared to IR before wearing lens (F=3.11, P=0.027). ARTh decreased after OK lens and was lowest at 1 week, and there was statistically significant difference between before and 1 d, 1 week, 1 month after wearing the lenses (F=29.82, P<0.001). CBI was positively correlated with SE (r=0.21, P=0.003) and negatively correlated with CET (r=-0.16, P=0.041). And CBI was no significant correlation with CCT. Conclusion: Corneal biomechanical parameters show a downward trend within 1 month in the early stage of OK lens wearing in children; the main change is in the CBI index. The lower the SE is, the thicker the CET. The CBI change is smaller and the cornea is safer.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 248-254 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2525KB] ( 7883 )

	255	Effect of the Multiple Focus Segment Lenses on the Visual Quality of Myopic Children
		Xia Chen1,Weimin Liu2,Quan Lin2
		Objective: To study the subjective visual quality of myopic children wearing the focus incorporated multiple segment (DIMS) lenses, and compare them to orthokeratology lenses (OK) and single vision (SV) spectacle lenses. Methods: In this prospective clinical research, a total of 93 myopic patients were recruited from July to October 2020 in Nanning Aier Eye Hospital. Thirty-one children (31 eyes) wore multiple focus segment lenses, 32 children (32 eyes) wore orthokeratology lenses and 30 children (30 eyes) wore single vision lenses prescribed in the Optometry Center. After wearing corrective lenses for 1 month, the Oculus binocular function tester was used to check the three groups of eye parameters such as full vision, contrast sensitivity, glare, mesopic functions and stereopsis in the 3 groups. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, Chi-square test, rank sum test, and Spearman correlation. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the near and far visual acuity of the three groups of patients from the baseline period to one month after wearing the glasses. There was no significant difference in near and far stereoscopic acuity among the three groups, and the number of children with 600 " -200" stereoscopic acuity in the three groups showed the least differences. Contrast sensitivity among the three groups was statistically significant (F=17.96, P<0.001). The MFS group had the largest number of qualified cases with 20 (65%) subjects with a contrast sensitivity of ≤ 15%. With or without glare, the pass rate for the contrast levels (1:2.7, 1:2.0) of the MFS group were higher than that of both the OK lens group and SV group. The contrast level of 1:2.0 showed a more obvious difference. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Stereoscopic acuity was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.30, P=0.008), but not correlated with refractive power. There was a strong correlation between glare and contrast sensitivity (r=0.64, P<0.001), and no correlation with gender, age, or refraction analysis. Conclusion: Compared to orthokeratology and single vision spectacle lenses, the multiple focus segment lens can provide better subjective vision quality, good comfort and safety
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 255-262 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1609KB] ( 8855 )

	263	Characteristics of Visual Impairment in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy in Kashgar, Xinjiang
		Na Lin, Xueqin Sun, Ruzhi Deng, et al
		Objective: For the first time to accurately and comprehensively analyze the characteristics and treatment of visual impairment children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in Kashgar, Xinjiang, to promote their early development of visual and general rehabilitation. Methods: This cross-sectional study selected children and adolescents with cerebral palsy who underwent eye screening in a general hospital in Kashgar, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region, in October 2018. Ophthalmic examinations were conducted, including refractive error, eye position, anterior segment and fundus examination. Their ophthalmic treatment history was also investigated. The data were analyzed by chi square tests. Results: One hundred seventysix children and adolescents with cerebral palsy were enrolled. The average age was 6.4 ± 2.7 years (0.8- 12 years), of which 97 cases (55.1%) were between 0.8 to 6 years old, 169 were Uighurs (96.0%) and 104 were males (59.1%). There were 105 cases(59.7%) with visual impairment, of which 3 cases (1.7%) were accompanied by two simultaneous visual disorders. The incidence of visual impairment was 61.7% (108 cases) that manifested as ametropia (48 cases, 27.3%), strabismus (43 cases, 24.4%) and other eye diseases (17 cases, 9.7%). Hyperopia (20 cases, 11.4%) was most common in ametropia, exotropia (25 cases, 14.2%) was most common in strabismus, and optic nerve atrophy, congenital glaucoma and congenital cataract (4 cases each, 2.3%) were the most common among other eye diseases. Only 27 cases (15.3%) received previous ophthalmic examinations, the remaining 149 cases (84.7%) were undergoing ophthalmic examinations for the first time, and only 6 of 105 cases (5.7%) with visual impairment had received ophthalmic examinations before. The incidence of myopia in all children and adolescents with cerebral palsy was 9.7% (17 cases). There was no significant difference in the incidence of myopia between children and adolescents with cerebral palsy when gender, age group, nationality and strabismus were taken into account. Conclusion: The incidence of visual impairment in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy is higher than that in normal children of the same age, and the incidence of strabismus is very high. However, the rate of children receiving ophthalmic examinations was low, it may due to their parents are not well aware of accompanying ophthalmic diseases. It suggests the urgency and importantance to popularize eye health screening in cerebral palsy children and adolescents.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 263-269 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1177KB] ( 7455 )

	270	Refractive Status and Its Influencing Factors in Infants during the First 9 Months
		Yujie Wang1, Lili Xue2, Yue Zhang2, et al
		Objective: To explore the refractive status along with relevant factors during the fetal and infancy period in 9-month-old infants, and to provide evidence for early prevention and intervention of refractive errors. Methods: This study analyzed refractive screening data accumulated by the Minhang District Maternal and Child Health Care Institution, Shanghai, from 2012 to 2019. In all, 16 746 infants aged 9 months were included in the description of refractive status. Relevant factors before 9 months of age were collected by child health examination records and questionnaire survey data. Chi-square tests and multivariate regression models were used to analyze the association of factors during the fetal and infancy periods in 9-month-old infants with suspicious refractive errors. Results: The P5-P95 of the refractive sphere for infants aged 9 months was +0.50 D-+3.00 D, and the P5 of the refractive cylinder for infants aged 9 months was -2.50 D. Detection rates of suspected myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were 13.46%, 11.13%, 25.58%, 8.29%, respectively. Birth during the winter and frequent contact with electronic devices increased the risk of suspected myopia (adjusted OR were 1.35, 1.55 respectively). Birth during the summer or autumn, prematurity and a physique greater than the P80 quantile at 9 months of age increased the risk of suspected hyperopia (adjusted OR were 1.67, 1.62, 1.80, 1.22 respectively). Birth during the summer, a physique greater than the P80 quantile and artificial feeding at 9 months of age increased the risk of suspected astigmatism (adjusted OR were 1.92, 1.42, 1.19, respectively). Outdoor activities of more than 0.5 h per day decreased the risk of suspected refractive errors (adjusted OR=0.711- 0.803). Conclusion: Detection rates of suspected refractive errors in infants aged 9 months are between 8% and 25%, among which astigmatism is most significant. Infants with high-risk factors such as prematurity, parents with refractive errors and large physique should be the focus of refractive screening and follow-up. Key words: infants; refraction; eye; child health service
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 270-277 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1005KB] ( 7382 )

	278	Observation and Study of Corvis ST, Common Tonometer and Corneal Pachymeter in Measuring Intraocular Pressure and Corneal Thickness
		Changjin Li, Xue Li, Qiang Lu
		Objective: To compare the difference, correlation and consistency of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness measured by visual corneal biomechanical analyzer (Corvis ST), three-dimensional anterior segment analyzer (Pentacam), non-contact tonometer (NCT), A ultrasound pachymetry(A-ultrasound) and optical biological ophthalmic measuring instrument (Lenstar). Methods: In this prospective study, 110 patients with myopia before refractive surgery in Foshan Second People's Hospital from August to December 2020 were included. Corvis ST intraocular pressure (IOP) and Biomechanical intraocular pressure (BIOP), NCT intraocular pressure and Pentacam corrected intraocular pressure for NCT were included in the intraocular pressure index; the central corneal thickness of Corvis ST, the central corneal thickness of the thinnest point of Pentacam, corneal thickness of Lenstar and corneal thickness of A-ultrasound were included in the corneal thickness index. The difference between intraocular pressure and corneal thickness were compared by One-way ANOVA, Pearson method was used for correlation analysis, and Bland-Altman was used for consistency test. Results: IOP: There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure measured by Corvis ST, NCT and Pentacam between the groups, among them, the difference of intraocular pressure measured by Corvis ST, NCT and Pentacam was statistically significant(P=0.019; P=0.03). IOP was positively correlated with intraocular pressure of NCT and corrected intraocular pressure of Pentacam(r=0.76, P<0.001; r=0.65, P<0.001), BIOP was positively correlated with intraocular pressure of NCT and corrected intraocular pressure of Pentacam (r=0.66, P<0.001; r=0.69, P<0.001), IOP was highly positively correlated with BIOP (r=0.92, P<0.001); the absolute value of 95% consistency limit and maximum difference between IOP and NCT intraocular pressure, Pentacam corrected intraocular pressure and BIOP were (-2.8-4.3 mmHg, 3.8 mmHg), (-3.1-4.5 mmHg, 4.1 mmHg), (-1.46-1.97 mmHg, 1.9 mmHg), the absolute value of 95% consistency limit and maximum difference between BIOP and NCT intraocular pressure and Pentacam corrected intraocular pressure were (-3.6- 4.6 mmHg, 4.2 mmHg), (-3.0-3.9 mmHg, 3.4 mmHg). Central corneal thickness: There was significant difference between Corvis ST and A-ultrasound, Lenstar and Pentacam (F=2.67, P=0.046), and there was significant difference between Corvis ST and A-ultrasound (P=0.017); There was a high positive correlation between Corvis ST and central corneal thickness measured by A-ultrasound, Lenstar and Pentacam (r=0.96, P<0.001; r=0.98, P<0.001, r=0.98, P<0.001). The 95% consistency limit and the absolute value of the maximum difference of the central corneal thickness measured by Corvis ST, A-ultrasound, Lenstar and Pentacam were(-5.9~24.3 μm, 23 μm), (-6.4~18.7 μm, 18 μm), (-10.7~12 μm, 11 μm). Conclusions: The intraocular pressure measured by Corvis ST can not be replaced by NCT and Pentacam, and the BIOP of Corvis ST is closer to the real intraocular pressure; the CCT measured value of Corvis ST can not be replaced with A-ultrasound and Lenstar, and it can be replaced with Pentacam
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 278-285 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1676KB] ( 7991 )

	286	The Influence on Wave-Front Aberrations after the Implantation of an Implantable Collamer Lens with CentraFLOW
		Yanhua Liu1,Hao Chen2,Zhongsheng Zhang1,et al
		Objective: To investigate the influence of an implantable collamer lens with CentraFLOW (ICL V4c) on total wave-front aberrations, corneal wave-front aberrations and intraocular wave-front aberrations in moderate and high myopia patients after the implantation. Methods: This was a prospective study of 88 eyes of 44 moderate and high myopia patients who received ICL V4c implants in Nanchang Aier Hospital during May 2019 to December 2020. The Corneal refractive analyzer was used to measure total wave-front aberrations, corneal wave-front aberrations and intraocular wave-front aberrations at 3 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm pupil diameters preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. A paired t-test was used to analyze the changes in total, corneal, and intraocular wave-front aberrations from preoperative measurements to measurements at 3 months postoperatively. Measurements included total, Tilt(S1), higherorder, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberrations. Results: At 3 months postoperatively, the safety index and efficacy index of the surgery were 1.15±0.12 and 1.11±0.12, respectively. At 3, 4, and 6 mm pupil diameters, the postoperative total aberrations were 0.34±0.14, 0.57±0.23, and 1.81±0.83 μm, respectively, and total intraocular aberrations were 0.34±0.11, 0.52±0.16, and 1.74±0.68 μm, respectively, which were significantly reduced compared to preoperative aberrations (total aberrations: t=14.67, P<0.001; t=16.68, P<0.001; t=14.35, P<0.001; total intraocular aberrations: t=15.41, P<0.001; t=13.89, P<0.001; t=13.21, P<0.001), At a 6 mm pupil diameter, the postoperative total higher-order aberrations, coma, and spherical aberrations had increased significantly compared to preoperative eyes (t=-3.62, P=0.001; t=-2.84, P=0.008; t=-2.94, P=0.006). The postoperative intraocular higher-order aberrations and coma had significantly increased compared to preoperative eyes (t=-2.65, P=0.013; t=-3.02, P=0.005). Other aberrations did not show significant changes compared to preoperative eyes. Conclusion: ICL V4c implantation is safe and effective for correcting moderate and high myopia. It can reduce total aberrations and total intraocular aberrations, and there is no significant change in corneal aberrations.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 286-290 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 953KB] ( 7398 )

	292	En-DCR with Lacrimal Sac Flap and Anterior Ethmoid Sinus Mucosal Anastomosing in Patients with Chronic Dacryocystitis with Anterior Ethmoid Air Cells Entering the Frontal Process of the Maxilla
		Xiaohui Jiang, Jiakang Mei, Lanfang Sun, et al
		Objective: To demonstrate the outcomes of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (En-DCR) with lacrimal sac flap and anterior ethmoid sinus mucosal anastomosing in patients with chronic dacryocystitis with anterior ethmoid air cells entering the frontal process of the maxilla. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on adult patients with anterior ethmoid air cells entering the frontal process of the maxilla who underwent En-DCR between July 2017 and March 2019. Patients who were followed up for more than 12 months were included in this study. Anterior ethmoidectomy was the first stage of the operation to open and widen the anterior ethmoid air cells, then routine En-DCR was performed on each patient. In the last step of the surgery, anastomosis was performed on the mucosal dacryocystitis and anterior ethmoid sinus. The success rate of ostial patency and complications were recorded. Results: Ninety eyes of 84 patients with anterior ethmoid air cells entering the frontal process of the maxilla underwent En-DCR. The success rate of En-DCR was 87% (78/90). Twelve eyes had postoperative obstruction which was caused by granuloma in seven eyes, scar synechia in four eyes, and common canalicular stenosis in one eye. There were no serious complications such as orbital fat prolapse, cerebrospinal fluid leak, sinusitis or visual impairment. Conclusions: En-DCR was performed by completely exposing the anterior screening sinus, and it was feasible and effective in patients with gasification of the anterior maxillary frontal process in the anterior group.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 292-297 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 10299KB] ( 8653 )

	298	Clinical Study of Conbercept in the Treatment of Refractive Status Changes in Infants with Retinopathy of Prematurity
		Hongyun Ran, Jiantao Ren, Shuchan Li,et al
		Objective: To study the changes in the refractive status of children with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after intravitreal injection of combercept, and to explore the relationship between refractive status and the number of injections, gestational weeks, birth weight, axial length and retinal vascularization zone. Methods: In this prospective clinical study, infants diagnosed with type 2 ROP pre-threshold disease in Weifang Eye Hospital from April 2017 to June 2021 were recruited. All infants underwent high myopia gene detection. Finally, 127 eyes of 64 cases were included in this study. According to the severity of the disease, Intravitreal conbercept (IVC) treatment was performed on demand, and the treatment times were divided into 3 groups, 22 cases (43 eyes) of infants were included in group A (0 injection), 30 cases (53 eyes) of infants were included in group B (1 injection) and 18 cases (31 eyes) of infants were included in group C (2 injection). When the corrected gestational age was 3, 6 and 12 months, the refractive state changes were observed, and the spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism, axial length and retinal vascularization zone were recorded. The refractive status of the three groups with different corrected gestational ages was compared to understand the relationship between refractive status and the number of injections, gestational weeks, birth weight, axial length and retinal vascularization zone. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance was used for the comparison of the SE in the three groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of astigmatism. Pearson correlation analysis was used for data analysis on the correlation between equivalent spherical errors and the development of the ocular axis and the retinal vascularization zone. Results: At the corrected gestational age of 3 months and 6 months, there was no significant difference in SE and astigmatism among the three groups. At the corrected gestational age of 12 months, the average SE and astigmatism of groups A, B and C were statistically significant (F=6.59, P=0.002; H=7.39, P=0.025). Further comparison after ANOVA showed that the average SE difference between group A and group B and group A and group C was statistically significant (P=0.006; P=0.007). The difference in astigmatism between groups A and C was statistically significant (P=0.020). At the corrected gestational age of 12 months, there was no significant difference in the incidence of refractive error and myopia rate among the three groups. However, the incidence of astigmatism was statistically significant (χ2 =8.96, P=0.011). Further pairwise comparisons showed that the differences between group A and group C, group B and group C were statistically significant (χ2 =7.08, P=0.008; χ2 =6.82, P=0.009). At the corrected gestational age of 3 months, SE was related to gestational age (r=-0.18, P=0.043), birth weight (r=-0.19, P=0.032), and axial length (r=-0.26, P=0.003). The retinal vascular divisions (r=- 0.20, P=0.023) were all negatively correlated. When the corrected ages were 6 months and 12 months, SE was negatively correlated with axial length (r=-0.30, P=0.001). Conclusions: At the corrected gestational age of 12 months, the hyperopia reserve of children with ROP after IVC treatment is lower than that of children with spontaneous regression of ROP. Repeated injection has no significant effect on the short-term refractive status of children with ROP.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 298-303 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 957KB] ( 7551 )

	304	Clinical Observation of Retinal Detachment Caused by Ocular Siderosis
		Chong Xu, Chao Feng, Xueqin Kang, et al
		Objective: To summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics of retinal detachment patients with ocular siderosis. Methods: In this retrospective cohort analysis, 12 Patients (12 eyes) with retinal detachment caused by ocular siderosis admitted to Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2016 to December 2019 were collected to analyze their clinical characteristics, including best corrected visual acuity, retinal detachment healing and foreign body position. Visual acuity was compared using the rank Sum test. Results: Among the 12 patients, visual acuity improved in 6 (6 eyes), no significant improvement in 5 (5 eyes), and decreased in 1 (1 eye) at the last follow-up observation. The difference between the best corrected visual acuity of patients in this clinical observation before and after surgery was statistically significant (Z=2.09, P=0.037). Retinal detachment recurred in 4 patients who also had retinal tears. Conclusion: Retinal detachment is more likely to recur when ocular siderosis is combined with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 304-308 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 857KB] ( 7459 )

	309	Clinical Study of Ocular Acupuncture Therapy for Dry Eye due to the Deficiency of Qi and Yin
		Lei Zhao1, Kaiyao Chi2, Huimin Zhou2, et al
		Objective: Observing the clinical efficacy of ocular acupuncture in the treatment of dry eye due to the deficiency of Qi and Yin, and to explore its mechanism. Methods: In this prospective study, 74 patients with dry eye due to the deficiency of Qi and Yin from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of TCM were recruited from January to April 2021. Seventy-four patients were randomly divided into an ocular acupuncture group and a conventional acupuncture group, 37 patients in each group. The conventional acupuncture group was treated with conventional acupuncture; the ocular acupuncture therapy group received ocular acupuncture therapy, and 4 acupoints were taken from the liver, lung, spleen and kidney regions. The course of treatment was 14 days. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score before and after treatment was recorded. The Schirmer Ⅰ test (SⅠT) and corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) were used for assessment. The non-invasive first tear film break-up (NIBUTf) and non-invasive average tear film break-up (NIBUTav)were measured by the K5M ocular surface analyzer. Data were analyzed by the t test, Wilcoxon test and Chi-square test. Results: The OSDI score, S Ⅰ T, NIBUTf, NIBUTav and CFS of the two groups were significantly different before and after treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, the OSDI score, S Ⅰ T, NIBUTf, and NIBUTav of the two groups were significantly different (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in CFS between the two groups after treatment. Conclusion: Both ocular acupuncture and conventional acupuncture can effectively treat dry eye due to the deficiency of Qi and Yin. Ocular acupuncture is superior to conventional acupuncture in improving ocular surface symptoms, tear secretion and tear film rupture time of dry eye patients, with a higher efficacy and compliance.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 309-313 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 924KB] ( 7708 )

Case Report

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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 314-315 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5188KB] ( 7988 )

Review

	316	A Review of Studies on Two Parallel Visual Streams in Cortex: The Dorsal and Ventral Visual Pathways
		Jing Jia, Jue Wang, Yan Sun,et al
		The visual cortex, which is the center for processing and integrating the visual information, exists two distinct and separate visual systems in primate visual cortex-dorsal pathway (also know as where and how pathway) and ventral pathway (also know as what pathway). In this review, we present the discovery, localization, function and relationship of the two pathways, and review the recent advances in methodology and clinical trials-related two pathways as well. Existing literature show that there is little research on the correlation of the two pathways' structure and function, and lack of in-depth mechanism studies on the interaction between dorsal and ventral pathways. In addition, the result of clinical trials are not quite similar. So the clinical trial designs should improved and more further research is needed and necessary to provide the basis for the projecting and processing of visual information in visual cortex, and to prevent and treat eye disorders in future.
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		2022 Vol. 24 (4): 316-320 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1463KB] ( 8857 )

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