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Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology and Visual science
 
2023 Vol.25 Issue.3
Published 2023-04-25
Orignal Article
Case Report
Review
Lecture
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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 0- [Abstract] ( 108 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 46899KB] ( 3830 )
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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 0- [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1958KB] ( 2965 )
Lecture
161 Consideration of Several Problems in Clinical Application of Prostaglandin Analogues in Lowering Intraocular Pressure
Yumei Yang1, 2, Qi Zhang1, Xin Liu1, et al
Nowadays, prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) have been increasingly used in lowering intraocular pressure, and recommended as the frst-line drugs for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in the latest glaucoma guidelines. In order to enhance the understanding of new guidelines and promote the standardized application of PGAs, experts held a panel discussion during the West Lake Glaucoma Conference in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, in January 2021, analyzing the issues in PGAs clinical practice with a large number of references. In that meeting, opinions and recommendations for PGAs medication were put forward on the basis of the research progress of the mechanism for lowering intracular pressure, as well as PGAs clinical trials in special cases.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 161-166 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2391KB] ( 3017 )
Orignal Article
167 Infuenceof ImageDefocus Propertites Simulated by Adjusting RGB Pixels at the Maltase Cross Edge on Accommodative Response and Pupil Diameter in Human Eye
Lu Ma, Qiong Xu, Yan Li, et al
Objective: To explore the infuence of image defocus simulated by adjusting the RGB pixels at the Maltase Cross edge on accommodative response and pupil size in the human eye. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 23 healthy young students (10 males and 13 females) studying at Peking University Health Science Center were included, with the mean age 21.5±1.3 yearsand mean spherical equivalent refractive -2.53±1.13 D. Fourteen Maltase Crosses with the edge RGB pixels adjusted were presented randomly at the center of an LCD screen. Each participant completed 14 visual tasks, with 3 minutes for each task. During the visual task, the accommodative response and pupil size were continuously measured by a binocular open-feld autorefractometer. The accommodative error was determined by subtracting the real accommodative response from the accommodative demand, and the root mean square (RMS) value of the real accommodative response was calculated to determine microfluctuations. Repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc pairwise comparisons using bonferroni correction were performed to assess the effect of polarity, defocustype, and edge RGB pixel type on accommodative error, microfuctuation, and pupil diameter. Results:The effect of different edge RGB pixel on accommodative error had no signifcant difference. The RMS value of positive polarity and negative polarity were 0.22±0.08 D and 0.27±0.11 D, respectively. And the difference was 0.05 D (95% confdence interval,0.03-0.06 D), showed statistically signifcant (P<0.001). Polarity, simulated defocus type, and edge RGB type had a signifcant effect on pupil diameter (polarity: F=19.41, P<0.001; defocus type: F=6.42, P=0.019; edge RGB type: F=8.89, P=0.005). The interaction between polarity and simulated defocus type signifcantly affected pupil diameter (F=8.59, P=0.008). Conclusions:The human eye was sensitive to polarities and simulated defocus types of visual targets. The RMS value and pupil diameter were smaller when the human eye was exposed to positive polarities compared with being exposed to negative polarites. Adjusting RGB pixels at the Maltase Cross edge affects the pupil diameter signifcantly.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 167-173 [Abstract] ( 146 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3448KB] ( 3038 )
174 ABrain Function Study of Combining Regional Homogeneity and Degree Centrality in Children with Right Eye Anisometropic Amblyopia
Xiaopan Zhang1, Yadong Li2, Guangying Zheng2, et al
Objective: To explore the abnormal changes of brain function mechanism in children with right eye anisometropic amblyopia during the resting state. Methods: In this case series study, 17 children with right eye anisometropicamblyopia were enrolled in the First Affliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 2020 to December 2021. The average age of the patients was 9.2 ± 2.3 years of which 9 were males and 8 were females. Sixteen children with normal binocular vision were selected as the control group.The average age of the control subjects was 10.4 ± 2.0 years of which 7 were males and 9 were females. The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was examined. Brain function mechanism was analyzed by using combined regionalhomogeneity (ReHo) and degreecentrality (DC). Atwo-samplet test based on voxel level was performed. Apartial correlation was used to analyze the correlation between mean ReHo and mean DC values in brain regions and clinical features, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method was used to analyze the differences of mean ReHo and mean DC values of specifc brain regions in different groups.Results:Inter-groupcomparisonbetween controls andpatients have demonstrated that ReHo in left inferior parietal border angular gyrus, left posterior cingulate gyrus, left middle occipital gyrus, right orbital inferior frontal gyrus, right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, right medialsuperiorfrontalgyrus,rightcalcarinefssuresurroundingcortex,leftsuperioroccipitalgyrus,left middle frontal gyrus, right precuneus and right precental gyrus was widespread differences (t=4.72, 4.39, 3.83, 4.37, 4.09, 3.83, -4.22, -5.26, -4.93, -6.75, -4.74;VoxellevelP<0.01, Cluster levelP<0.05);DC in left superior occipital gyrus, right precental gyrus, left superior parietal gyrus, left calcarine fssure surrounding cortex, and right precuneus was widespread differences (t=6.43, 4.10, 4.29, -3.57, -5.10;VoxellevelP<0.01, Cluster levelP<0.05). Partial correlation analysis showed: the DC of left superior occipital gyrus vs.BCVAof right eye, the ReHo of right calcarine fssure surrounding cortex vs. intraocular pressure of left eye, the ReHo of right precental gyrus vs.BCVAof righteye was a positive correlation (r=0.62, 0.56, 0.53; P<0.05); while the ReHo of right orbital inferior frontal gyrus vs. intraocular pressure of right eye was a negative correlation (r=-0.57, P=0.027). ROC analysis have demonstrated ReHo in left posterior cingulate gyrus, right orbital inferior frontal gyrus and right medial superior frontal gyrus was statistically differences (The areas under the ROC curve=0.81, 0.81; P=0.002, 0.002; The areas under the ROC curve=0.73, P=0.023). Conclusions: Children with right eye anisometropia amblyopia had abnormal intrinsic or spontaneous changes in brain neuron activity areas, and variations in functional networks being related brain regions, suggesting that the corresponding brain areas may be impaired.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 174-181 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 9363KB] ( 3611 )
182 Efficacy and Safety of 0.01% Sulfate Atropine on Reducing Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia in Children andAdolescents
Xinting Liu, Meiping Xu, Ruoyun Deng, et al
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.01% sulfate atropine eyedrops for reducing the nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) in children and adolescents. Methods: Aprospective cohortstudy was performed. One hundred and forty-four myopia children aged 6-18 years (144 eyes) from Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University between January and June 2021 were included. Participants wererandomlyallocated(1:1)tointerventionorcontrolgroups usingacomputerizedblockgroup randomization method. Participantsin the intervention and control groups were treated with 0.01% sulfate atropine or soluble medium of atropine once a night at bedtime for both eyes, respectively. Initial NITM values, refractive error, pupil size, intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular tolerance after the drops were evaluated and recorded before treatment, 1 week after treatment, 2 weeks after treatment, and 2 weeks after discontinuation of the drug. The percentage differences of the initial NITM value from baseline were also calculated and adverse reactions during the drug administration were recorded. Areduction of ≥60% in the initial NITM value compared with the baseline was considered effective, while a reduction of <60%was considered ineffective. Independent samples t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, analysis of covariance, and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test were used to analyze. Results:A total of 127 subjects (127 eyes)were fnally included in the analyses. The mean age of the included subjects was 9.3±1.9 years. There were 62 subjects (62 eyes) in the intervention group and 65 subjects (65 eyes) in the control group. The initial NITM value at baseline was -0.43±0.15 D in the control group and -0.41±0.13 D in the intervention group, respectively. There was no statistically signifcant difference between the two groups for the initial NITM values (t=0.65, P=0.517). The effciency at 1 week of drug administration was 43.1% in the control group and 58.1% in the intervention group, with no statistically signifcant difference observed (χ2=2.85,P=0.091). However, at 1 week after treatment, the initial NITM value of the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (t=2.44, P=0.016). At 2 weeks after treatment, the efficiency was 29.2% in thecontrolgroup and 77.4% in theintervention group, showing astatistically signifcant difference (χ2=29.56, P<0.001). At 2 weeks after treatment, the initial NITM values in the intervention group were signifcantly lower than those in the control group (-0.04±0.20 D vs.-0.33±0.29 D, t=6.52,P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in IOP, slit lamp examination index, discomfort symptoms after treatment, tolerance score, heart rate, and blood pressure (all P>0.05).Conclusion:0.01% sulfate atropine is effective in reducing NITM in children and adolescents,with great safety, and may be considered as a clinical treatment option for myopia control.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 182-187 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2523KB] ( 3102 )
188 The Changes of Functional Optical Zone after SMILE for the Correction of High Myopia andAstigmatism
Zhe Yang, Likun Xia
Objective: To analyze the changes of functional optical zone after the correction of high myopia and astigmatism using small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), and explore the effect of functional optical zone on visual quality. Methods:In this prospective clinical study, 84 patients (84 eyes) with high myopia (spherical equivalent<-6.00D) who underwent SMILE in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2022 to June 2022 were included. According to the predicted astigmatism, eyes were divided into three groups: no astigmatism group (astigmatism=0 D, 28 eyes); low astigmatism group (astigmatism≥-2.00 D, 30 eyes); high astigmatism group (astigmatism<-2.00 D, 26 eyes).The functional optical zone, corneal aberration, corneal curvature, and corneal Q value were measured by using a Scheimpfug camera preoperativelyand 3 months postoperatively. Data from the right eyes of all patients were analyzed in this study. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results:All of the optical zones were programmed at 6.5 mm. At 3 months after operation, the functional optical zone of the no astigmatism group, low astigmatism group, and high astigmatism group were 5.17±0.09 mm, 5.20±0.16 mm, and 5.34±0.15 mm, respectively. And the differenceamongthethreegroups was statisticallysignifcant(F=5.64, P=0.006).Thesizeof functional optical zone in the high astigmatismgroup was signifcantly higher than those in the no astigmatism group and low astigmatism group (P=0.025, 0.008). However, there was no signifcant difference between the no astigmatism and low astigmatism groups (P=0.403). There were signifcant differences in the size of functional optical zone at 0-180°, 30°-210°, 150°-330° meridian (F=7.82, P=0.001; F=3.32, P=0.043;F=6.56, P=0.003), and the functional optical zone in the high astigmatism group was significantly larger than those in the low astigmatism group and no astigmatism group (all P<0.05). But there were no differences in the size of functional optical zone in other meridians (allP>0.05) among the three groups. Therewerestatistically signifcantdifferences in thechangeofhigher order aberrations (HOAs)(F=3.35, P=0.042), and HOAs increased less in the high astigmatism group than in the low astigmatism group (P=0.021). There were no signifcant differencesin the changesof the spherical aberration (SA),horizontalComa, verticalComaand Trefoil(allP>0.05) among the three groups before and after surgery. Three months after surgery, the size of functional optical zone was negatively correlated with thechanges of HOAs, SA, Km, and cornealQ value(r=-0.39, P=0.002;r=-0.40, P=0.001;r=-0.47,P<0.001; r=-0.34, P=0.007). Conclusions:The functional optical zone was reduced compared with the preoperative predicted optical zone after SMILE. The eyes with high astigmatism had larger functional optical zone and less corneal aberration increase than those with low astigmatism. The changes of corneal curvatureand cornealasphericmorphology affectthesizeof functionalopticalzoneafter operation.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 188-194 [Abstract] ( 143 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2475KB] ( 3058 )
195 The Protective Function of PSMB5Overexpression to Human Lens Epithelial Cells under the Oxidative Environment
Tieying Zhang, Yuxian Zhang, Jing Wang
Objective:To observe theprotectivefunction of proteasomeβ5 subunit(PSMB5) overexpression to the human lens epithelial cells under the oxidative environment. Methods: Experimental study. Human lens epithelial cells strain of stable overexpression of PSMB5 gene was established as experimental group, and cell strain with empty pcDNA3.1 transfection as control group. Western blot was performed to detect the PSMB5 protein, proteasome β2 (PSMB7) protein, and proteasome β1 (PSMB6) protein expression in the two groups. Artifcial polypeptide Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC (LLVY), Boc-Bal-Gly-Arg-AMC (VGR), and Z-Leu-Leu-Glu-βNA(LLE)wereusedseparatelytodetecttheviabilitychanges ofthePSMB5,PSMB7,andPSMB6 protein in the two group cells. The cell viability and the intracellular carbonylated protein content change were detected after the experimental group cells and control group cells were treated by 40 μmol/LH2O2 Data were analyzed by a paired t test. Results: The expression of PSMB5 protein was signifcantly upregulated in PSMB5-transfected human lens epithelial cells than in the control group cells. The expression of subunit PSMB6 and PSMB7 protein were increased dramatically. Additionally, the proteasome activity of these three subunits were statistically higher. After exposure to 40 μmol/LH2O2for 4 hours, the cell viability were both inhibited in the control group cells and PSMB5transfected group cells, and the cell viability percentage were 6.99±3.43 % and 72.47±5.56 % respectively in thetwo groups. Butthecellviability was notably higher inthecontrol group cells than that in the PSMB5 transfected group cells, the difference was statistically signifcant (t=22.41, P<0.001). After 40 μmol/LH2O2 treated for 4 hours, the oxidation protein content in the control group cells and PSMB5 transfected group cells were 2.65±0.44 nmol/mg and 1.63±0.36 nmol/mg respectively, all increased than before treated by H2O2(0.41±0.10 nmol/mg and 0.45±0.12 nmol/mg).However, the oxidation protein content in the PSMB5 transfected group cells was statistically lower than in the control group cells (t=4.01, P=0.008). Conclusions: Overexpression of the PSMB5 gene catalytic subunit in human lens epithelial cells can increase the proteasome catalitic activity and cell antioxidative ability with protective effect.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 195-200 [Abstract] ( 119 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3285KB] ( 3098 )
201 Comparison of Endothelial Cell Measurements by Slit-Scanning Wide-Field Contact Specular Microscopy and Noncontact Specular Microscopy
Haiou Wan,Yu Shen, Hao Chen, et al
Objective: To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of corneal endotheliumcells measured by slit-scanning wide-field contact specular microscopy (CellChek C), and to examine its the agreement with a noncontact specular microscopy (SP3000). Methods:This was a cross-sectional study.A total of 50 healthy subjects, including 38 males and 12 females, aged 50.7±20.2 years (ranging 19-79 years), who underwenthealth examination in the Eye Hospital of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical University from May 2021 to May 2022, were consecutively selected. All subjects were examined by two examiners with CellChek C and SP3000 for corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), average cell size (ACS),thepercentage of hexagonalshape cells (HEX), coefficientof variation (CV). Within-subjectstandard deviation (Sw), test-retest repeatability (TRT), the within-subject coeffcient of variation (CoV) and the intra-class correlation coeffcient (ICC) were used to analyze reproducibility. Bland-Ahman was used to assess the agreement of the instruments. Results:The number of the cells used to analyze with CellChek C was significantly larger than SP3000 (559.9±56.5 cells vs.94.7±21.3 cells, P<0.001). The repeatability results of ECD and ACS measured by CellChek C and SP3000 were good. The TRTvalues and CoV valuesof ECDmeasured by the two instrumentswere 161.28 cells/mm2 and 173.72 cells/mm2, 2.17%and 2.42%, respectively, with good repeatability. The TRTvalues and CoVvalues of ACS were also with good repeatability, with result of 22.23 μm2and 30.94 μm2, 2.13% and 2.86%, respectively. The ICC were 0.928 and 0.922. The ICC of the percentage of HEX and CVmeasured by CellChek C are between 0.75 to 0.9. However, the repeatability of SP3000 for the HEX was poor (ICC=0.528). The reproducibility of ECD, HEX, ACS, CVmeasured by CellChek C were good. The ICC were 0.946, 0.914, 0.940 and 0.842, respectively. There were signifcant differences in the results of ECD (P=0.004), HEX (P<0.001),ACS(P=0.014) and CV(P<0.001) between the two instruments. The 95% LoAof ECD, HEX, ACS and CV werelarge(-293.3-458.5cells/mm2,-23.5-6.4%,-42.3-8.6μm2and0.7-27.8).Conclusions:CellChek C demonstrated good repeatability and reproducibility in measuring corneal endothelial cell parameters in healthy subjects. CellChek C have poor agreement with noncontact specular microscopy.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 201-206 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2559KB] ( 3038 )
207 Distribution Characteristics and Correction of Astigmatismin Children and AdolescentsAged 6-18Years in Jinan
Xiaolin Yin1, Lei Jin2, Qian Li1, et al
Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of astigmatism in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in Jinan city, and to explore the distribution of the types and degrees of astigmatism in this population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study,a total of 1 034 863 primary and secondary school students from 1 056 schools in 12 districts and counties of Jinan City were screened for visualacuity and refraction screening,from October to December 2021. Avisualacuity chart meeting therequirements of GB/T1533 was used to evaluate visualacuity, and an optometer meeting therequirementsof ISO0342. was used to assessthe refraction under non-ciliary paralysis. The average value was calculated. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used for age variation. Chi-square test wasused for classified data. Results: The prevalence of astigmatism among students aged 6-18 years in Jinan was 48.8%, of which 25.9% is mild astigmatism, 16.6% was moderate astigmatism, and 6.3% was severeastigmatism. Theprevalenceof astigmatismwas 50.0% in males and 47.4% in females, showing no significant difference. The prevalence of astigmatism in left eye only (15.8%) was significantly higher than in right eye only (7.3%)(χ2=15 900, P<0.001). The prevalence of astigmatism in both eyes (25.7%) was higher than in single eye only (χ2=15 940, P<0.001). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severeastigmatismincreased with age(Z=-82.8, -181.0, -91.3, allP<0.001). With the rule (WTR)astigmatism accounted for the largest proportion in different genders and eyes. The proportion of WTR astigmatism in the left eye was the largest (93.1%). The proportion of WTR astigmatism was higher in boys than in girls, and higher in the left eye than in the right eye, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).After 7 years old, the proportion of compound hyperopic astigmatism gradually decreased with age, the difference was statistically signifcant (Z=-123.3, all P<0.001). The proportion of combined myopic astigmatism increased with age (Z=-82.9, all P<0.001). The total rate of astigmatism correction was 46.1%. Conclusions:The incidence of astigmatism is high in people aged 6-18 years.In terms of distribution, the main astigmatisms were mild and moderate astigmatism. In the terms of classifcation, the main astigmatisms were astigmatism with the rule and compound myopic astigmatism.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 207-211 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2303KB] ( 3088 )
212 Study on Ocular Surface Changes in the Early Postoperative Period after 27-Gauge Vitrectomy
Rong Luan, Yan Shao, Manqiao Wang, et al
Objective: To compare the changes of ocular surface after 27G pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) done and phacoemulsification+intraocular lens(IOL)implantation combined vitrectomy(P+I+PPV) in the early postoperative period.Methods:Inthis prospective case control study,we collected 60 patients (60eyes)who met the inclusion criteria from June 2020 to December 2021 in the Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, including 20 patients (20 eyes) in the PPV group and 40 patients (40 eyes) in the P+I+PPV group. KeratograPh 5M ocular surface comprehensive analyzer, Schirmer test (S t) and Lipiview ocular surface interferometer were used to detect the tear film break-up time (TBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), SI t scores, corneal fluorescent staining score (FSS), and lipid layer thickness (LLT) of the patients 1 day before surgery and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month after surgery; The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores were evaluated with the ocular surface disease index questionnaire and conduct a comparative study. Chi-square test was used for the counting data of two groups of patients before surgery. For quantitative data of patients in two groups at different times before and after surgery, repeated measurement analysis or Mann uhitney test was used for data. Results:TBUTin the P+I+PPV group decreased signifcantly one day after surgery compared with that before surgery, and the difference was statistically signifcant (t=0.73, P=0.046). There was no signifcant difference in TBUT at each time point after surgery compared with that before surgery in the PPV group (P>0.05). The corneal FSS in the PPV group increased signifcantly on the frst day after surgery, with a statistically signifcant difference (Z=-2.78, P=0.024). It recovered to the preoperative levelat one week aftersurgery, while the corneal FSS in the P+I+PPV group was signifcantly higher than the preoperative level at all time points after surgery (1 day: Z=-1.96, P<0.001; 1 week:Z=-0.92, P<0.001; 1 month: Z=-0.64, P=0.005). TMH(PPV group: t=5.13, P<0.001; P+I+PPV group:t=5.05, P<0.001) and S t (PPV group: t=6.60, P<0.001; P+I+PPV group: t=5.56, P<0.001) in both groups were signifcantly increased one day after surgery, and recovered to the preoperative level one week after surgery. LLTin both groups increased signifcantly one day after operation (PPV group: t=6.02, P<0.001; P+I+PPV group: t=4.42, P<0.001) and one week after operation (PPV group: t=2.41, P<0.001; P+I+PPV group: t=4.10, P<0.001), and returned to the preoperative level at one month after operation. Conclusions:The ocular surfacestability of patients after 27G PPVand P+I+PPV implantation combined vitrectomy were both affected. P+I+PPV has greater impact on the ocular surface.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 212-218 [Abstract] ( 126 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2312KB] ( 3041 )
219 Demography Characteristic and Treatment Outcomes of Primary Keratoconus in North China
Jing Zhang1, Xiaochuan Wang1, Lei Wan1,et al
Objective: To analyze the demographic characteristics, treatment outcomes, and the clinical treatment options selections of primary keratoconus in North China. Methods:This was a series case study. The records oftheprimarykeratoconus caseinQingdao EyeHospitalaffiliatedtoShandongFirstMedical University from January 1993 to December 2016 were included, and the demographic characteristics of these patients were analyzed. According to the treatment principle of keratoconus in our hospital, patients were divided into three groups based on different steep curvature K values: less than 45 D, 45-55 D, and greater than 55 D. The selections of different treatment methods and treatment outcomes in each group wereanalyzed. TheK value and cornealthickness before and after treatmentwere compared by paired-samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis H test. Frequency analyses were performed using the Fisher's test or Pearson's test. Results: Case records of 1,143 patients (1 772 eyes) of primary keratoconus during the past 24 years were analyzed, with a sex ratio at 3.70:1. The average age of the frst diagnosis was 21.0±6.2 years, and the diagnosis of males was earlier (U=95 478, P<0.001). In the corneal steep K values <45 D group, 86.43% of the affected eyes received rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses, while 3.01% received keratoplasty. In the corneal steep K values ranging from 45 D to 55 D group, 78.16% of theaffected eyes received RGPlenses, while 8.51% received keratoplasty. In the steep K values more than 55 D group, 80.37% of the affected eyes underwent keratoplasty. In the steep K values >55 D group, the rate of corneal transplantation after treatment with RGPlenses had a statistically signifcant difference from those in the steep K values <55 D group (χ2=14.73, P<0.001); and the percentage of eyes with an annual growth of more than 1 D after corneal cross-linking (CXL) also had a statistically signifcant difference (χ2= 6.91, P=0.033). In the steep K between 55 D to 60 D group, the best corrected visual acuity after receiving RGP lens, CXLand lamellar keratopiasty(LKP) had no statistically signifcant differences (H=2.80, P=0.246). Conclusions: Primary keratoconus in North China mostly affected the youth. And it happened earlier and more frequently in males. Steep K is the important indicator of treatment options for keratoconus.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 219-225 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3038KB] ( 3102 )
Case Report
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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 226-228 [Abstract] ( 117 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 10882KB] ( 3576 )
229  
 

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 229-231 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 9791KB] ( 3510 )
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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 232-233 [Abstract] ( 146 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2256KB] ( 2890 )
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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 234-234 [Abstract] ( 131 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3274KB] ( 3058 )
Review
235 Factors Influencing Higher-Order Aberrations in Corneal Refractive Surgery
Xiaoying He, Wei Han
At present, corneal refractive surgery is mainly divided into three categories: superfcial corneal refractive surgery, lamellar corneal refractive surgery and femtosecond laser lens extraction, all of which are widely used in the correction of refractive errors. Although most patients obtain ideal uncorrected distance visual acuity after surgery, the increase of higher-order aberrations often leads to complications such as glare,ghosting,and decreased nightvision.Therearemany factors thatinfluencehigher-order aberrations incornealrefractivesurgery.This review summarizedthetypes ofcornealrefractivesurgeryandthe infuencing factors of higher-order aberrations during corneal refractive surgery including corneal fap/cap, degree of correction, optical zone diameter, optical zone eccentricity, and different excimer laser ablation modes.

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2023 Vol. 25 (3): 235-240 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2275KB] ( 3194 )
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